Chapter 7 Notecards Flashcards
spans 2-7 years
most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic activity
mental representation
- ______ is our most flexible means of mental representation because it detaches thought from action
-piaget believed that sensorimotor activity leads to internal images of experience, which children label with ______
piagets theory
pre operational stage
language
words
preoperational stage: make believe
- in early pretending, toddlers only use ____
first pretend acts imitate adults actions and are not yet flexible
after age 2, children pretend with ________
gradually they can flexibly imagine objects and events without any support from the real world
realistic objects
non realistic objects
preoperational stage: make believe
-at first, make believe is directed ________
early in the 3rd year children begin to direct pretend actions ________
toward the self
toward other objects
preoperational stage: make believe
play includes more complex combinations of schemes
___________: the make believe with others that occurs around age 2 and increases rapidly during the next few years
- children display awareness that make believe is a representational activity
sociodramatic play
results from study on slide 5 indicate that children younger than 3 have problems with ___________, which is viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
dual representation
aside from gains in representation, Piaget described preschoolers in terms of what they _______ understand
- piaget compared children in the proportional stage to more competent children in the concrete operational stage
- according to piaget, young children are not capable of _______ which are mental actions that obey logical rules
cannot
operations
failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from ones own
- piaget believed this was the most fundamental deficiency of proportional thinking
egocentrism
________: the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings and intentions
_____ is responsible
animistic thinking
egocentrism
the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
ex) a boy and girl get identical boxes of raisins at snack time, but when the girl spreads hers out over the table, the boy is convinced she has more
conservation
children focus on one aspect of situation neglecting other important features
-in conservation of liquid example, the child centers on the height of water failing to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height
centration
most important illogical feature of preop thought is _______, which is inablity to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction returning to the starting point
Ex. After the girl from the previous example spreads her raisins out, the boy cannot reverse his thinking to say “I know she doesn’t have more raisins than I do because if we put them back in the box, her raisins and my raisins look the same.”
irreversibility
the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
read slide 12 for example
hierarchial classification
researchers have challenged Piaget’s view of preschool as cognitively deficient
how?
many piegatian problems contain _________ or ________ for young children to handle at once, thus their responses do not reflect their true abilities
piaget also missed many _________ of effective reasoning by pre schoolers
unfamiliar events
too many pieces of information
naturally occurring instances
in a piagetian classroom, children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment
discovery learning
teachers introduce activities that build on childrens current thinking but do not try to speed development by imposing new skills before children indicate readiness
sensitivity to children readiness to learn
activites are provided for individual children and small groups, not just the whole class teachers evaluate educational progress in relation to the childs previous development, rather than on the basis of normative standards or average performance of same aged peers
acceptance of individual differences
biggest problem with page’s theory is his insistence that learning mainly occurs through acting on the _______, and ______ of language based routes to knowledge
enviornment
de emphasis
stresses the social context of cognitive development
rapid growth of language broadens preschoolers participation in dialogues with more knowledgable individuals in their culture
vygotskys sociocultural theory
piaget referred to children utterances to themselves as ________, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspective of others
egocentric speech
in vygotsky’s view, as children get older and tasks become easier, the self directed speech is internalized as silent _______
the internal verbal dialogues we carry on while thinking and acting in every day situations
children self directed speech is now called _____
inner speech
private speech
vygotsky believed that learning occurs within the ______________ a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone, but possible with the help of adults or more skilled peers
zone of proximal development
adjusting the support offered to fit the childs current level of performance
ex.If child is unsure of how to proceed in a task, adult would provide direct instruction. As the child’s competence increases adult gradually withdraws support and turns responsibility over to the child
scaffolding
vygotskian classrooms promote ______
teachers guide childrens learning tailoring their interventions to each childs zone of proximal development
also aided by peer collaboration as children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another
assisted discovery
broader concept than scaffolding, referred to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying precise features of communication
guided participation
focuses on mental strategies that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems
information processing
preschoolers ____ is remarkably good but not _____
this is because preschoolers are not yet skilled at using _________, deliberate mental activities that improve the chances of remembering
recognition
recall
memory strategies
memory for familiar events
general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
ex. getting reading for school, eating family dinner, getting ready for bed
scripts
memory for unfamiliar events
representations of personally meaningful, one time events
reflects improvements in preschoolers cognitive and conversational skills
autobiographical memory
parents who use the ________ to elicit children autobiographical memory follow the childs lead, add information to childs statements, and volunteer their own recollections and evaluations of events
Ex. Parent: “What was the first thing we did on our trip to the zoo?”
Child: “We saw the parrots!”
Parent: “Where were they?”
Child: “Flying everywhere!”
Parent: “Why weren’t the parrots in their cages?”
Ex. “I thought the lion was scary, what did you think?” etc.
elaborative style
parents who use the _____ provide little information and keep repeating the same questions, regardless of interest
Ex. Parent: “Do you remember the zoo?”
Child “Yep!”
Parent: “You liked the zoo didn’t you?”
Child: “Yea!”
repetitive style
preschoolers who experience the ______ recall more information and also produce more organization and detailed personal stories when followed up 1-2 years later
elaborative style
coherent set of ideas about mental activities
also called ______ - thinking about thought
theory of mind
metacognition
babies view people as intentional beings
end of 1st year
they have a clearer grasp of others’ emotions and desires, evident in their realization that people often differ from one another and from themselves in likes, dislikes, wants, needs, and wishes
by age 2
children realize that thinking takes place inside their head and that a person can think about something without seeing, touching, or talking about it
by age 3
children realize that both beliefs and desires determine behavior
Seen in their ability to recognize that people’s actions may be guided by ______
beliefs that do not accurately represent reality
from age 4 on
although surprisingly advanced, preschoolers awareness of mental activities is far from complete
they believe that all events must be directly observed to be known and do not understand that _______ can be a source of knowledge
this suggests that preschoolers view the mind as a __________, they greatly underestimate the amount of mental activity that people engage in and are poor at inferring what people know or are thinking about
mental inferences
passive container of inforation
Through informal experiences, such as listening to a parent read a story book or trying to help make a shopping list, children actively try to figure out how written symbols convey meaning, a process known as ________, childrens active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
emergent literacy
the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language
\
phonological awareness
between 14 and 16 months, toddlers display a beginning understanding of ______, order relationships between quantities
ex. 3 is more than 2 and 2 is more than 1
ordinality
by age 3.5 to 4 years, most children master the principle of ______, that the last number in counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set
cardinality
intelligence tests ____ sample all human abilities, and performance ___ affected by cultural and situational factors
Low-SES and certain ethnic minority preschoolers may react with anxiety when bombarded with questions by an unfamiliar adult
Such children may not define the testing situation in achievement terms, instead they may look for attention and approval from the adult and may settle for lower performance than their actual abilities
do not
is
program with planned educational experiences aimed at enhancing development in 2-5 years
preschool
describes a variety of arrangements for supervising children
-good child care should do more than simply keep children safe and adequately fed, it should provide the same high quality educational experiences as an effective preschool
child care
teachers provide a wide variety of activities from which children select, and much learning occurs through play
child centered programs
teachers structure children’s learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill
academic programs (teacher directed)
Special type of child-centered education
Schooling includes materials designed to promote exploration and discovery, child-chosen activities, and equal emphasis on academic and social development
Research has indicated that children who completed 2 years of Montessori education perform better in literacy and math skills, false-belief understanding, concern with fairness in solving conflicts with peers, and cooperative play with classmates
montessori education
long standing US program that provides low SES children with a year or two of preschool education
parent involvement is central
Parents serve on policy councils, contribute to program planning, work directly with children in classrooms, attend special programs on parenting and child development, and receive services directed at their own emotional, social, and vocational needs
project head start
research study on the benefits of preschool
high/scope perry preschool project
Gains from programs such as Head Start typically _____ as low-SES children enter inferior public schools in poverty-stricken neighborhoods which undermine the benefits of preschool education
decline
assuming that words refer entirely separate and non overlapping categories
mutual excusivity bias
overextend the rules to words that are exceptions
ex my toy car breaker
we have two feets
overregularization
the practical, social side of language
this is how children learn to engage in effective communication with others
pragmatics
restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form
recasts
elaborating on childrens speech, increasing its complexity
ex. if a child says i gotted new shoes
the parent mightsay yes, you got a pair of new red shoes
expansions
