Chapter 7 Notecards Flashcards
spans 2-7 years
most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic activity
mental representation
- ______ is our most flexible means of mental representation because it detaches thought from action
-piaget believed that sensorimotor activity leads to internal images of experience, which children label with ______
piagets theory
pre operational stage
language
words
preoperational stage: make believe
- in early pretending, toddlers only use ____
first pretend acts imitate adults actions and are not yet flexible
after age 2, children pretend with ________
gradually they can flexibly imagine objects and events without any support from the real world
realistic objects
non realistic objects
preoperational stage: make believe
-at first, make believe is directed ________
early in the 3rd year children begin to direct pretend actions ________
toward the self
toward other objects
preoperational stage: make believe
play includes more complex combinations of schemes
___________: the make believe with others that occurs around age 2 and increases rapidly during the next few years
- children display awareness that make believe is a representational activity
sociodramatic play
results from study on slide 5 indicate that children younger than 3 have problems with ___________, which is viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
dual representation
aside from gains in representation, Piaget described preschoolers in terms of what they _______ understand
- piaget compared children in the proportional stage to more competent children in the concrete operational stage
- according to piaget, young children are not capable of _______ which are mental actions that obey logical rules
cannot
operations
failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from ones own
- piaget believed this was the most fundamental deficiency of proportional thinking
egocentrism
________: the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings and intentions
_____ is responsible
animistic thinking
egocentrism
the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
ex) a boy and girl get identical boxes of raisins at snack time, but when the girl spreads hers out over the table, the boy is convinced she has more
conservation
children focus on one aspect of situation neglecting other important features
-in conservation of liquid example, the child centers on the height of water failing to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height
centration
most important illogical feature of preop thought is _______, which is inablity to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction returning to the starting point
Ex. After the girl from the previous example spreads her raisins out, the boy cannot reverse his thinking to say “I know she doesn’t have more raisins than I do because if we put them back in the box, her raisins and my raisins look the same.”
irreversibility
the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
read slide 12 for example
hierarchial classification
researchers have challenged Piaget’s view of preschool as cognitively deficient
how?
many piegatian problems contain _________ or ________ for young children to handle at once, thus their responses do not reflect their true abilities
piaget also missed many _________ of effective reasoning by pre schoolers
unfamiliar events
too many pieces of information
naturally occurring instances
in a piagetian classroom, children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment
discovery learning
teachers introduce activities that build on childrens current thinking but do not try to speed development by imposing new skills before children indicate readiness
sensitivity to children readiness to learn
activites are provided for individual children and small groups, not just the whole class teachers evaluate educational progress in relation to the childs previous development, rather than on the basis of normative standards or average performance of same aged peers
acceptance of individual differences
biggest problem with page’s theory is his insistence that learning mainly occurs through acting on the _______, and ______ of language based routes to knowledge
enviornment
de emphasis
stresses the social context of cognitive development
rapid growth of language broadens preschoolers participation in dialogues with more knowledgable individuals in their culture
vygotskys sociocultural theory
piaget referred to children utterances to themselves as ________, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspective of others
egocentric speech
in vygotsky’s view, as children get older and tasks become easier, the self directed speech is internalized as silent _______
the internal verbal dialogues we carry on while thinking and acting in every day situations
children self directed speech is now called _____
inner speech
private speech
vygotsky believed that learning occurs within the ______________ a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone, but possible with the help of adults or more skilled peers
zone of proximal development
adjusting the support offered to fit the childs current level of performance
ex.If child is unsure of how to proceed in a task, adult would provide direct instruction. As the child’s competence increases adult gradually withdraws support and turns responsibility over to the child
scaffolding
vygotskian classrooms promote ______
teachers guide childrens learning tailoring their interventions to each childs zone of proximal development
also aided by peer collaboration as children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another
assisted discovery
broader concept than scaffolding, referred to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying precise features of communication
guided participation
