Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 225 > Chapter 1 notecards > Flashcards

Chapter 1 notecards Flashcards

1
Q

field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout lifespan
major goal is to identify those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

A

developmental science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

orderly, integrated set of statements that explains and predicts behavior
important for two reasons:
provide organizing frameworks for our observations
theories verified by research provide a sound basis for how to improve welfare of individuals

A

theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

A

continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
______: qualatative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development

A

discontinuous

stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
______: a shy person who fears social encounters develops contexts from people who are more outgoing and readily seek out other people
_________; people who grow up in a third world village different experiences in their families than people who grow up in an American city

A

contexts
personal
enviromental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inborn biological givens

the information we inherit from our parents from the moment of conception

A

nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth

A

nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a theorys position on the roles of nature vs nurture affect how it explains individual differences
-nature/heredity
_________: that individuals who are high or low in a characteristic (example: verbal ability or anxiety) will stay that way throughout their life
-nurture/environment
_______: tha change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it

A

stability

plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
4 major assumptions: development is:
-
-
-
-
A 
lifelong
multidimensional and multidirectional
highly plastic
affected by multiple interacting forces
-biological, historical, social, cultural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces

A

multidimensional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

development is not limited to improved performance, every period consists of growth and decline
change is also multidirectional from within each domain of development

A

multidirectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

events that are strongly related to age and therefore are fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last
example: most people begin walking shortly after their 1st bday

A

age-graded influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

influences on development unique to a particular historical era (ex. epidemics, wars, periods of economic prosperity or depression)
ex.my great-grandmother was raised during a time of great economic depression and because of this she stockpiled goods in her home. Today she would be described in modern terms as a “hoarder”

A

history-graded influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

irregular event that only happen to one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable
ex. meeting your life long partner on a random blind date

A

nonnormative influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

founder of the child study movement

A

G. Stanly Hall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

measures of behaviors are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

A

normative approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the psychoanalytic perspective, behaviorism and social learning theory, Piaget’s cognitive development theory

A

mid 20th century theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
-how these conflicts are resolved determines the person’s ability to learn, to get along with others and to cope with anxiety

A

psychoanalytic perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

________: psychosexual theory
_______: psychosocial theory

A

sigmund freud

erik erikson

20
Q

emphasizes that how parents manage their childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years of life is crucial for healthy personality development

A

psychosexual theory

21
Q

during childhood sexual impulses shift from their focus from the oral to the anal to the genital regions of the body

A 
psychosexual stages
oral 
anal
phallic
latency
genital
22
Q

emphasized that the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage that make the individual an active, contributing member of society

A

psychosocial theory

23
Q

only directly observable events are appropriate to study

completely disregards anything that can’t be directly observed

A

behaviorism

24
Q

largest portion of the mind
unconscious, present at birth
source of biological needs and desires

A

ids

25
Q

conscious, rational part of mind
emerges in early infancy
redirects id impulses acceptably

A

ego

26
Q

the conscience

develops from ages 3 to 6 from interactions with care givers

A

superego

27
Q

founder of behaviorism, backlash against psychoanalysis

A

john watson

28
Q

showed that a reflex could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus

A

classical conditioning

29
Q

proposed by BF Skinner
the frequency of a behavior can be increased or decreased
______: follow the behavior with a reward
_______: follow the behavior with punishment

A

operant conditioning theory
increased
decreased

30
Q

most influential social learning theorist

A

albert bandura

31
Q

emphasizes modeling aka imitation or observational learning as a powerful source of development
example: baby claps her hand after seeing her mother do so

A

social learning thoery

32
Q

the most influential researcher on child development

- did not believe that children learning depends on reinforcers

A

Jean Piaget

33
Q

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
just as structures of the body are adapted to fit with the environment, structures of the mind also develop to better fit with the external world

A

cognitive-developmental theory

34
Q

cognitive development begins with the babys use of the senses and movements to explore the world

A

sensorimotor stage(Birth-2 years)

35
Q

action patterns evolve into symbolic but illogical thinking

A

preoperational stage (2-7)

36
Q

cognition is transformed into more organized, logical reasoning

A

concrete operational stage (7-11)

37
Q

thought becomes an abstract, systematic reasoning system

A

formal operational stage (11 years on)

38
Q

views the human mind as a computer

A

information processing

39
Q

study the relationship between changes in the brain and cognitive processing and behavior patterns
uses brain imaging techniques to analyze relationships between brain functioning, cognitive capacities and behavior

A

developmental cognitive neuroscience

40
Q

concerned with the adaptive or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history re

A

ethology

41
Q

a limited span during which the individual is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environemtn

A

critical period

42
Q

time that is of optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influence

A

sensitive period

43
Q

seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as those competencies change with age
clarify origins and development of behaviors
example: life threatening risk taking in adolescents and male to male violence may have been adaptive in our ancestors

A

evolutionary developmental psychology

44
Q

focuses on how culture is transmitted on to the next generation
values beliefs customs and skills of a social group

A

sociocultural theory

45
Q

necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture

A

social interaction

PSY 225 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions