Chapter 6 notecards Flashcards
Erik son’s theory of infant and toddler personality
basic trust vs mistrust: psychological conflict over the ____ year of life
when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving the baby will develop _______
the mistrustful baby cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others so it protects itself by ______ from other people
1st
basic trust
withdrawing
erikson’s theory of infant and toddler personality
_____ is period when children want to become more independent
the favorable outcome of this occurs when parents provide toddlers with _______ and ______
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlerhood
suitable guidance, reasonable choices
happiness, interest, surprise, fear
basic emotions
expressed first in smiles and later through laughter
____ grin evoked by the parents communication
-first appears between __ and __ weeks of age
laughter reflects ____ of information than smiling
happiness
social smile
faster processing
from 4-6 months into the 2nd year, angry expressions ___ in frequency and intensity
expressions of sadness are _____ than anger
increase
less frequent
like anger, rises during the ______
the most frequent expression of fear is _______
stranger anxiety
actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
social referencing
guilt, shame, embarrassment, evnvy pride
self concious emotions
the strategies we use to adjust our emotionial state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
emotional self regulation
early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation
temperament
quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity
reactivity
strategies that modify reactivity
self regulation
discovered that temperament can increase a child’s chances of experiencing psychological problems or protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life
thomas and chess
thomas & chess model
ratio of active periods to inactive ones
activity level
thomas and chess model
regularity of body functions, such as sleep wakefulness, hunger, and excretion
rhythmicity
thomas & chess
degree to which stimulation from the environment alters behavior
distractability
thomas & chess
response to a new object food or person
approach/withdrawal
thomas & chess
ease with which child adapts to changes in the environment
adaptability
thomas & chess
amount of time devoted to an activity such as watching a mobile or playing with a toy
attention span and persistance
thomas & chess
energy level of response such as laughing crying talking
intensity of reaction
thomas & chess
intensity of stimulation required to evoke response
threshold of responsiveness
thomas & chess
amount of friendly joyful behavior as apposed to unpleasant unfriendly behavior
quality of mood
thomas & child
quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences
easy child
thomas & chess
irregular in daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely
difficult childi
thomas & chess
inactive, shows mild reactions to environmental stimuli, negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences
slow to warm up
Usually assessed through parent interviews and questionnaires, behavior ratings by medical professionals or caregivers, and laboratory observations
measuring temperament
describes how an effective match between child rearing practices and a childs temperament can lead to favorable outcomes
goodness of fit model
strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress
attachment
recognizes the finance emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival
ethological theory of attachment
ethological theory of attachment
(birth-6 weeks): built-in signals (crying, smiling, grasping) bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them
preattachment phase
ethological theory of attachment
(6 weeks – 6-8 months): babies respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger and begin to develop a sense of trust
attachment in the making phase
(6-8 months – 18 months-2 years): babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when the trusted caregiver leaves
clear cut attachment phase
(18 months – 2 years and on): separation protest declines, resulting from growth in representation and language which permits understanding of factors leading to parents’ coming and going, and predicting parents’ return
formation of a reciprocal relationaship
widely used laboratory procedure for assessing attachment quality between 1 and 2 years of age is the
Takes the baby through 8 short episodes of brief separations from and reunions with the parent
Securely attached infants and toddlers should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar playroom
When the parent leaves, an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than the parent
strange situation procedure
4 attachment patterns
these infants use the parent as a secure base
they may be distressed by separation from the parent but when the parent returns, they actively seek contact and crying is reduced immediately
secure attachment
these infants are usually not distressed by the parents departure
they respond to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent and are unresponsive to the parent during reunion
avoidant attachment
these infants remain close to the parent before the departure and display angry, resistive behavior during reunion
resistant/ambivalent attachment
at reunion, these infants respond in a confused contradictory way
reflects the greatest insecurity
disorganized/disoriented attachment
form of communication in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed and appropriate fashion
interactional synchrony
the extent to which children can inhibit impulses manage negative emotion and behave in socially acceptable ways
efforful self control
showing clear awareness of caregivers wishes and obeying simple requests
compliance
waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act
delay of gratification
