Chapter 6 notecards

Question 1

Erik son’s theory of infant and toddler personality
basic trust vs mistrust: psychological conflict over the ____ year of life
when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving the baby will develop _______
the mistrustful baby cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others so it protects itself by ______ from other people

Answer 1

1st
basic trust
withdrawing

Question 2

erikson’s theory of infant and toddler personality
_____ is period when children want to become more independent
the favorable outcome of this occurs when parents provide toddlers with _______ and ______

Answer 2

autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlerhood
suitable guidance, reasonable choices

Question 3

happiness, interest, surprise, fear

Answer 3

basic emotions

Question 4

expressed first in smiles and later through laughter
____ grin evoked by the parents communication
-first appears between __ and __ weeks of age
laughter reflects ____ of information than smiling

Answer 4

happiness
social smile
faster processing

Question 5

from 4-6 months into the 2nd year, angry expressions ___ in frequency and intensity
expressions of sadness are _____ than anger

Answer 5

increase

less frequent

Question 6

like anger, rises during the ______

the most frequent expression of fear is _______

Answer 6

stranger anxiety

Question 7

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

Answer 7

social referencing

Question 8

guilt, shame, embarrassment, evnvy pride

Answer 8

self concious emotions

Question 9

the strategies we use to adjust our emotionial state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Answer 9

emotional self regulation

Question 10

early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation

Answer 10

temperament

Question 11

quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity

Answer 11

reactivity

Question 12

strategies that modify reactivity

Answer 12

self regulation

Question 13

discovered that temperament can increase a child’s chances of experiencing psychological problems or protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life

Answer 13

thomas and chess

Question 14

thomas & chess model

ratio of active periods to inactive ones

Answer 14

activity level

Question 15

thomas and chess model

regularity of body functions, such as sleep wakefulness, hunger, and excretion

Answer 15

rhythmicity

Question 16

thomas & chess

degree to which stimulation from the environment alters behavior

Answer 16

distractability

Question 17

thomas & chess

response to a new object food or person

Answer 17

approach/withdrawal

Question 18

thomas & chess

ease with which child adapts to changes in the environment

Answer 18

adaptability

Question 19

thomas & chess

amount of time devoted to an activity such as watching a mobile or playing with a toy

Answer 19

attention span and persistance

Question 20

thomas & chess

energy level of response such as laughing crying talking

Answer 20

intensity of reaction

Question 21

thomas & chess

intensity of stimulation required to evoke response

Answer 21

threshold of responsiveness

Question 22

thomas & chess

amount of friendly joyful behavior as apposed to unpleasant unfriendly behavior

Answer 22

quality of mood

Question 23

thomas & child

quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences

Answer 23

easy child

Question 24

thomas & chess

irregular in daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely

Answer 24

difficult childi

Question 25

thomas & chess

inactive, shows mild reactions to environmental stimuli, negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences

Answer 25

slow to warm up

Question 26

Usually assessed through parent interviews and questionnaires, behavior ratings by medical professionals or caregivers, and laboratory observations

Answer 26

measuring temperament

Question 27

describes how an effective match between child rearing practices and a childs temperament can lead to favorable outcomes

Answer 27

goodness of fit model

Question 28

strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress

Answer 28

attachment

Question 29

recognizes the finance emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival

Answer 29

ethological theory of attachment

Question 30

ethological theory of attachment
(birth-6 weeks): built-in signals (crying, smiling, grasping) bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them

Answer 30

preattachment phase

Question 31

ethological theory of attachment
(6 weeks – 6-8 months): babies respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger and begin to develop a sense of trust

Answer 31

attachment in the making phase

Question 32

(6-8 months – 18 months-2 years): babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when the trusted caregiver leaves

Answer 32

clear cut attachment phase

Question 33

(18 months – 2 years and on): separation protest declines, resulting from growth in representation and language which permits understanding of factors leading to parents’ coming and going, and predicting parents’ return

Answer 33

formation of a reciprocal relationaship

Question 34

widely used laboratory procedure for assessing attachment quality between 1 and 2 years of age is the

Takes the baby through 8 short episodes of brief separations from and reunions with the parent
Securely attached infants and toddlers should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar playroom
When the parent leaves, an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than the parent

Answer 34

strange situation procedure

Question 35

4 attachment patterns
these infants use the parent as a secure base
they may be distressed by separation from the parent but when the parent returns, they actively seek contact and crying is reduced immediately

Answer 35

secure attachment

Question 36

these infants are usually not distressed by the parents departure
they respond to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent and are unresponsive to the parent during reunion

Answer 36

avoidant attachment

Question 37

these infants remain close to the parent before the departure and display angry, resistive behavior during reunion

Answer 37

resistant/ambivalent attachment

Question 38

at reunion, these infants respond in a confused contradictory way
reflects the greatest insecurity

Answer 38

disorganized/disoriented attachment

Question 39

form of communication in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed and appropriate fashion

Answer 39

interactional synchrony

Question 40

the extent to which children can inhibit impulses manage negative emotion and behave in socially acceptable ways

Answer 40

efforful self control

Question 41

showing clear awareness of caregivers wishes and obeying simple requests

Answer 41

compliance

Question 42

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act

Answer 42

delay of gratification