Chapter 8: Movement

Question 1

• Control the digestive system and other organs

Answer 1

Smooth Muscles

Question 2

• Control movement of the body in relation to the environment.

Answer 2

Skeletal or Striated Muscles

Question 3

the neurotransmitter that causes the Skeletal Muscle to contract

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

• The heart muscles; which have properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles

Answer 4

Cardiac Muscles

Question 5

• A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

Answer 5

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 6

• Movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles, which allow you to move your leg or arm back and fourth.

Answer 6

Antagonistic Muscles

Question 7

• Muscle that flexes or raises an appendage.

* Ex. the elbow, which allows you to bring your hand toward your shoulder

Answer 7

Flexor

Question 8

• Muscle that extends an appendage or straightens it.

* When you straighten your arm after bringing you hand toward your shoulder.

Answer 8

Extensor

Question 9

Produce less vigorous contractions without fatigue (aerobic)

Answer 9

Slow Twitch Fibers

Question 10

require oxygen while working; use oxygen during movement

Answer 10

Aerobic

Question 11

Produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly; don’t require oxygen while working (anaerobic) but build oxygen debt.

Answer 11

Fast Twitch Fibers

Question 12

using reactions that do not require oxygen at the time but need oxygen for recovery.

Answer 12

Anaerobic

Question 13

Receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body

Answer 13

Proprioceptors

Question 14

• A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch.
• Cause a contraction of the muscle

Answer 14

Muscle Spindles

Question 15

Occurs when Muscle Proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it.

Answer 15

Stretch Reflex

Question 16

Another type of proprioceptor that responds to increases in muscle tension

Answer 16

Golgi Tendon Oragns

Question 17

Involuntary, consistent and automatic responses to stimuli.

Answer 17

Reflexes

Question 18

• Grasps object placed in the hand

Answer 18

Grasp Reflex

Question 19

• Extends big toe and fans others when the sole of the foot is stroked.

Answer 19

Babinski Reflex

Question 20

• Turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated.

Answer 20

Rooting Reflex

Question 21

• Executed as a whole; once initiated, it cannot be altered.

Answer 21

Ballistic Movement

Question 22

• Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

Answer 22

Central Pattern Generator

Question 23

• Refers to a fixed sequence of movements

Answer 23

Motor Program

Question 24

• Keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.

Answer 24

Posterior Parietal Cortex

Question 25

• Responds to lights, noises, and other sensory signals that lead to movement

Answer 25

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 26

• Active during preparation for movement; most active immediately BEFORE a movement.

Answer 26

Premotor Cortex

Question 27

• Organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order; inhibitory if necessary

Answer 27

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Question 28

• A particular type of activity in the motor cortex that occurs before any type of voluntary movement.

Answer 28

Readiness Potential

Question 29

Neurons that are active during both preparation of a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or similar movement

Answer 29

Mirror Neurons

Question 30

o Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

Answer 30

Corticospinal Tracts

Question 31

• Set of axons from the primary motor cortex. Surrounding areas, and the red nucleus (a midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the arm muscles.

Answer 31

Lateral Corticospinal Tracts

Question 32

• Includes axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, it is NOT limited to the primary cortex and surrounding areas.

Answer 32

Medial Corticospinal Tract

Question 33

o A structure in the brain often associated with balance and coordination

Answer 33

The Cerebellum

Question 34

• Clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum.

Answer 34

Nuclei

Question 35

• The surface of the cerebellum

* Neurons are arranged in precise geometrical patterns

Answer 35

Cerebellar Cortex

Question 36

• Flat (two-dimensional) cells in sequential planes, parallel to on another.

Answer 36

Purkinje Cells

Question 37

• Axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells.

Answer 37

Parrallel Fibers

Question 38

o The basal ganglia is a group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain
• Responsible for initiating an action not guided by a stimulus

Answer 38

The Basil Ganglia

Question 39

The Basil Ganglia is comprised of what 3 structures

Answer 39

Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

Question 40

o Look in the opposite direction; opposite of saccade (voluntary eye movement); resist impulse

Answer 40

Antisaccade Task

Question 41

• The drug responsible for the Parkinson’s Disease symptoms was _____ a chemical that the body converts to ____, which accumulates in and then destroys neurons that release dopamine

Answer 41

MPTP, MPP+

Question 42

• A precursor to dopamine, does cross the barrier, taken as a daily pill, reaches the brain, where neurons convert it to dopamine. Main treatment for Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 42

L-dopa

Question 43

• Immature cells that are capable of differentiating into a wide variety of other cell types.

Answer 43

Stem Cells

Question 44

• Occurs throughout the human body, although its mutant form produces no harm outside the brain.
• Within the brain it occurs inside neurons no on their membranes.
• The mutant form impairs neurons, in early stages of the disease it increases neurotransmitters release, sometimes causing over stimulation of the target cells.

Answer 44

Huntingtin