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PSYC 306 > Chapter 6: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors for vision are sensitive to . . .

A

Light

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2
Q

believed that the brain’s representation of a stimulus resembled the stimulus.
Which is WRONG your brain encodes information in a way that doesn’t resemble what you see

A

Rene Descartes

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3
Q

held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to the nerve.

A

Johannes Muller

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4
Q

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the

A

Pupil

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5
Q

Light is focused by the _____ (adjustable)

A

Lens

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6
Q

Light is focused by the Lens (adjustable) and _____ (not adjustable)

A

Cornea

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7
Q

_______send messages to the neurons called Bipolar Cells, located closer to the center of the eye.

A

Visual Reseptors

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8
Q

located closer to the center of the eye, ______send messages to Ganglion Cells,

A

Bipolar Cells

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9
Q

located still closer to the center of the eye.

The axons _______ join together and travel back to the brain.

A

Ganglia cells

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10
Q

are additional cells that receive information from Bipolar Cells and send it to other Bipolar, Amacrine, and Ganglion Cells.
cells control the ability of ganglion cells to respond to shapes, movements, or other specific aspects of visual stimuli.

A

Amacrine Cells

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11
Q

_______are inhibitors, when there is light it stops the inhibiting which causes an action potential to the brain.

A

Rods and Cones

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12
Q

Formed by ganglion cell axons, the_____ exits through the back of the eye.

A

Optic Nerve

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13
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves (which is also where the blood vessels enter and leaver) is the _______ because it has no receptors.

A

Blind Spot

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14
Q

Tiny area specialized for acute, detailed vision.

A

Fovea

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15
Q

The ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates. Each is small and responds to just a single cone.

A

Midget Ganglion Cells

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16
Q

The vertebrate retina contains two types of receptors

A

rods and cones

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17
Q

Which are abundant in the periphery of human retina, respond to faint light but are not useful in daylight because bright light bleaches them.

A

Rods

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18
Q

Which are abundant in and near the fovea, are LESS active in dim light, more useful in bright light, and essential for color vision.

A

Cones

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19
Q

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light .

A

Photopigments

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20
Q

Photopigments consist of _____ (a derivative of vitamin A bound to proteins called Opsins

A

11-cis-retinal

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21
Q

modify the photopigments sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

A

Opsins

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22
Q

Light converts 11-cis-retinal to _______l, thus releasing energy that activates second messangers within the cell.

A

all-trans-retina

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23
Q

The perception of _____ is dependent upon Wavelength of the light.

A

Color Vision

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24
Q

According to this theory, we perceive color through relative rates of response by three kind of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths.

A

The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory

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25
Q

Why 3?

A

Helmholtz found that people could match any color by mixing appropriate amounts of just three wavelengths; he concluded that three kinds of receptors (cones) are sufficient to account for human color vision.

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26
Q

3 Wavelengths

A

Short, Medium, Long

27
Q

The part of the world that you see before you can identify the color

A

Visual Field

28
Q

The bran has a mechanism that perceives color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.

A

The Opponent-Process Theory

29
Q

 Result of staring at a colored object for a prolonged length of time and then looking at a white surface, the surface is seen as a negative image, with a replacement of red with green, green with red, yellow and blue with each other and black and white with each other.

A

Negative Color Effect

30
Q

To account for color and brightness constancy, Edwin Land proposed the _________ the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area.

A

The Retinex Theory

31
Q

The Trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory cannot easily explain _______, the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting.

A

Color Constancy

32
Q

Ganglion cell axons form the

A

Optic Nerve

33
Q

is the place where the two optic nerves leaving the eye meet.
In humans, half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side of the brain.

A

Optic Chiasm

34
Q

Most ganglion cell axons go to the ____, part of the thalamus

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

35
Q

Most ganglion cell axons go to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), part of the thalamus, a smaller amount to the _______, and fewer other areas.

A

Superior Colliculus

36
Q

The rods and the cones of the retina make synapses with ______, which in turn make synapses onto amacrine cells and ganglion cells. All these cells are within the eyeball.

A

Horizontal Cells

37
Q

The reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.
_______ heightens contrast.

A

Lateral Inhibition

38
Q

Each cell in the visual system of the brain has a ______, which is the area in visual space that excites or inhibits it.
The ______of a receptor is simply the point in space from which light strikes the cell.

A

Receptive Field

39
Q

Small cell bodies & small receptive fields are mostly in the Fovea.
Well suited to detect visual details, respond to color, each neuron being excited by some wavelengths and inhibited by others.

A

Parvocellular Neurons

40
Q

Larger cells bodies & receptive fields. Evenly distributed throughout the Retina.
Respond strongly to movement and large overall patterns, but NOT to color or fine details.

A

Magnocellular Neurons

41
Q

Small cell bodies occur throughout the Retina.

Have several functions and there axons terminate in several locations.

A

Koniocellular Neurons

42
Q

3 Categories of Primate Ganglion Cells

A

Parvocellular, Magnocellular, Koniocellular

43
Q

Most visual information from the later geniculate nucleus of the thalamus goes to the _______ in the occipital cortex (area V1 or Striate Cortex)

A

primary visual cortex

44
Q

Some people with damage to area V1 show a surprising phenomenon called _______t, the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously.

A

Blind Sight

45
Q

A cell that responds to a stimulus only in ONE location

A

Simple Cells

46
Q

Located in areas VI and V2, do not respond to the exact location of a stimulus, they respond to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field.

A

Complex Cells

47
Q

Resemble complex cells, except ________ have a stronger inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.

A

End-Stopped or Hypercomplex

48
Q

Cells having similar properties are grouped together in the visual cortex in ______ perpendicular to the surface.

A

Columns

49
Q

Neurons whose responses indicate the presence of a particular aspect of an object, such as a shape or a direction of movement.

A

Feature Detectors

50
Q

Most neurons in the visual system receive_____stimulation from both eyes.
To maintain ____ responsiveness, cortical cells must receive simultaneous activity from both eyes fixating on the same object at the same time.

A

Binocular Input

51
Q

Time early in development when experiences have a particularly strong and enduring influence.

A

Sensitive Period

52
Q

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ______, the discrepancy between what the left and the right eyes see.

A

Retinal Disparity

53
Q

Also known as “lazy eye” a condition in which the eye do not point in the same direction. Generally these children attend to one eye more than the other.

A

Strabismus

54
Q

About 70% of infants have this disorder, a blurring of vision for lines in one direction cause by asymmetric curvature of the eyes.
Is a result of the eyeball not being quite spherical, which causes a person to see one direction of lines more clearly than others.

A

Astigmatism

55
Q

The primary visual cortex sends information to the ________which processes the information further and transmits it to additional areas

A

Ordinary Visual Cortex (Area V2)

56
Q

Through the temporal cortex is called the “what” pathway because it is specialized for identifying and recognizing objects.

A

The Ventral Stream

57
Q

 Through the parietal cortex is the “where” pathway because it helps the motor system locate objects.

A

The Dorsal Stream

58
Q

Cells that respond to the ________ respond to identifiable objects.
Cells in the temporal lobed responds according to what the viewer perceives not what the stimulus is physically.

A

The inferior Temporal Cortex

59
Q

Inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision.

A

Visual Agnosia

60
Q

 Face recognition depends on several brain areas including parts of the occipital lobe, the anterior temporal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the________

A

Fuisiform Gyrus

61
Q

 Inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

62
Q

activated by motion

A

Area MT(V5)

63
Q

 Ability to see objects but impairment at seeing whether they are moving or, if so, which direction and how fast.

A

Motion Blindess

64
Q

Voluntary eye movement.

A

Saccades

PSYC 306 (13 decks)

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