Chapter 13: Learning & Memory

Question 1

Pairing of two Stimuli changes the response to one of them

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning

Question 2

an individuals response leads to a reinforce or punishment

Answer 2

Instrumental Conditioning (Operant Conditioning)

Question 3

• Is any event that increases the future probability of the response.

Answer 3

Reinforcer

Question 4

• Is an event that suppresses the frequency of the response.

* Ex. The rat receiving fruit loops or a shock.

Answer 4

Punishment

Question 5

• The physical representation of what has been learned

* A connection between two brain areas would be a possible example.

Answer 5

Engram

Question 6

• All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning, and any part of the cortex can substitute for any other.

Answer 6

Equipotentiality

Question 7

• The cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better.

Answer 7

Mass Action

Question 8

Events that have just occured

Answer 8

Short Term Memory

Question 9

events from further back several types of evidence support this idea

Answer 9

Long-Term Memory

Question 10

• Information initially entered a short-term storage, where it stays until the brain had time to consolidate it into long-term memory.

Answer 10

Consolidate

Question 11

• Re-strengthening of a memory by a similar later experience.
• Epinephrine and Cortisol both enhance emotional memories by stimulating the amygdala and the hippocampus.

Answer 11

Reconsolidation

Question 12

to refer to the way we store information while we are working with it.
o Ability to temporarily hold information for use

Answer 12

Working Memory

Question 13

• Common test of working memory, which requires responding to something that you saw or heard a short while ago.

Answer 13

Delayed Response Task

Question 14

the loss of memeory

Answer 14

Amnesia

Question 15

Subject sees and object and must later chose the object that matches

Answer 15

Delayed Matching to Sample Tasks

Question 16

Subject sees and object and must later choose the object that is different than the sample

Answer 16

Delayed Non-Matching to Sample Tasks

Question 17

• Suffered 10 minor epileptic seizures per day and a major seizure about once a week.
• Surgeon suggested that removing the medial temporal lobe would relieve the epilepsy.
Surgery impaires his memory

Answer 17

H.M

Question 18

• Inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage.

Answer 18

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 19

• Loss of memory for events that occurred before the brain damage.

Answer 19

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 20

• Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory. Also known as declarative memory.
• Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory.

Answer 20

Explicit Memory

Question 21

• An influence of experience on behavior, even if you do not recognize that influences.
• The influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing on is using memory.

Answer 21

Implicit Memory

Question 22

• The development of motor skills and habits, is a special kind of implicit memory, you might not be able to describe a motor skill or habit in words.

Answer 22

Procedural Memory

Question 23

o The hippocampus is not responsible for all memory
o Implicit learning or habit learning depends on the _____
o The ______learn to identify patterns in information
o “Weather task”- learning which combinations of symbols predict weather.

Answer 23

The Basil Ganglia

Question 24

o Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency.
o Severe thiamine deficiency occurs mostly in chronic alcoholics who go for weeks at a time on a diet of nothing but alcoholic beverage, lacking vitamins.

Answer 24

Karskoff’s Syndrome

Question 25

• Patients fill in memory gaps with guesses.

Answer 25

Confabulation

Question 26

o Associated with gradual progressive loss of memory (especially declarative memory) often occurring in old age,

Answer 26

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 27

produces widespread atrophy of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and other areas.

Answer 27

Amyloid Beta Protein

Question 28

structures formed from degenerating neurons

Answer 28

Plaques

Question 29

is a slug like invertebrate that is often studied fur to its large neurons

Answer 29

Aplysia

Question 30

Decrease in a response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli

Answer 30

Habituation

Question 31

• An increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to more intense stimuli.

Answer 31

Sensitization

Question 32

• Occurs when the synapse is “potentiated”: the postsynaptic neuron is more responsive.

Answer 32

Long Term Potentiation

Question 33

• Only synapses that have been highly active become strengthened

Answer 33

Specificity

Question 34

• Simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produce LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon.

Answer 34

Cooperatively

Question 35

• Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input (Hebbian Synapse)

Answer 35

Associativity

Question 36

o A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Answer 36

Hebbian Synapse

Question 37

• Is a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs hen axons have been less active than others
• The opposite of LTP: as one synapse strengthens, another weakens.

Answer 37

Long Term Depression

Question 38

Biochemical Mechanisms of LTP are known to depend on changes

Answer 38

Glutamate Synapses

Question 39

o Extensive stimulation of the postsynaptic cell causes it to release retrograde transmitter that travels back to the presynaptic cell to modify it.

Answer 39

Retrograde Transmitter

Question 40

2 parts of Explicit (Declarative Memory)

Answer 40

Semantic and Episodic

Question 41

Implicit Memory

Answer 41

Procedural

Question 42

2 parts of long term memory

Answer 42

Explicit and Implicit

Question 43

Memories of a single personal event

Answer 43

Episodic

Question 44

Ability to state a memory in words

Answer 44

Declarstive