Ch. 9 Wakefulness and Sleep

Question 1

• Some animals can generate, internal mechanism that operates on an annual or yearly cycle.
• Ex. Birds migratory patters; animals storing food for the winter.

Answer 1

Endogenous Circannual Rhythms

Question 2

o All animals produce, internal mechanisms that operate on an approximately 24-hour cycle.
ο Animals generate endogenous 24-hour cycles of wakefulness and sleep.
ο Also regulates the frequency of eating and drinking, body temperature, secretion of hormones, and urination.

Answer 2

Endogenous Circadian Rhythms

Question 3

• Stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm.

* LIGHT is a dominant ______ for land animals.

Answer 3

Zeitgeber

Question 4

o A disruption in circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones.
o Travelers complain of sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness at night, depression and impaired concentration.

Answer 4

Jet Lag

Question 5

• The biological clock depends on this part of the hypothalamus.
• It is located just above the optic chiasm, it provides the main control of the circadian rhythms for sleep and body temperature.

Answer 5

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 6

Light resets the SCN via a small branch of the optic nerve known as the

Answer 6

Retinohypothalmic Path

Question 7

The Retinohypothalmic path comes from a special population of ganglion cells that have their own photo pigment called

Answer 7

Melanopsin

Question 8

The pineal gland releases the hormone ______, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

Answer 8

Melatonin

Question 9

An extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease.

Answer 9

Coma

Question 10

Alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings.

Answer 10

Vegative State

Question 11

One step higher from a vegetative state, with occasional, brief periods of purposeful actions and limited amounts of speech comprehension.

Answer 11

Minimally Conscious State

Question 12

A condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus.

Answer 12

Brain Death

Question 13

Records an average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain areas nearest each electrode on the scalp.

Answer 13

The Electroencephalograph

Question 14

A combination of EGG and eye movement records.

Answer 14

Polysomnograph

Question 15

Characteristic of relaxation, not of all wakefulness. .

Answer 15

Alpha Waves

Question 16

Alpha waves are present.

Answer 16

Awake (Relaxation)

Question 17

o When sleep has just begun
o The EGG is dominated by irregular, jagged, and low voltage waves.
o Brain activity begins to decline.

Answer 17

Stage 1 Sleep

Question 18

characterized by the presence of Sleep Spindles and K-complex

Answer 18

Stage 2 Sleep

Question 19

Stage 2 Sleep is characterized by the presence of

Answer 19

Sleep Spindles and K-Complex

Question 20

o Together constitute slow wave sleep (SWS) and is characterized by:
• EGG recording of slow, large amplitude wave.
• Slowing of heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity.
• Highly synchronized neuronal activity.

Answer 20

Stage 3 and Stage 4

Question 21

o Are periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep.
o Also known as Paradoxical Sleep, but term used for non-humans.
o EGG waves are irregular, low voltage, and fast.
o Postural muscles of the body are more relaxed than other stages.

Answer 21

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Question 22

Sleep stages other than rem.

Answer 22

NON-REM (NREM) Sleep

Question 23

• A cut through the midbrain decreases arousal by damaging this area.
• A structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain; controls motor areas of the spinal cord and selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas.

Answer 23

Reticular Formation

Question 24

• Part of the Reticular Formation that contributes to cortical arousal.
• These neurons receive input from many sensory systems and generate spontaneous activity of their own.
• Their axons extend into the forebrain, releasing acetylcholine and glutamate, which excite cells in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain
PONTO

Answer 24

Pontomesencephalon

Question 25

* A small structure in the pons is usually inactive, especially during sleep, but it emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events especially those that produce emotional arousal. * Axons from the _______releases norepinephrine widely throughout the cortex, so this tiny area has a huge influence.

Answer 25

Locus Coeruleus

Question 26

One pathway of the Hypothalamus releases the neurotransmitter _____, which produces excitatory effects throughout the brain.

Answer 26

Histamine

Question 27

o Another Pathway from the hypothalamus, mainly from the lateral and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, releases a peptide neurotransmitter called either _____ or _____ • The axons releasing ____ extend to the basal forebrain and other areas, where they stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness. • is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake. • Drugs that block ______receptors increase sleep and procedures that increase _____ lead to increased wakefulness and altertness.

Answer 27

Orexin or Hypocretin

Question 28

* Other pathways from the lateral hypothalamus regulate cells in the _____, an area just anterior and dorsal hypothalamus. * _______ cells provide axons that extent through out the thalamus and cerebral cortex.

Answer 28

Basal Forebrain

Question 29

* The brains main inhibitory transmitter. * ____ is responsible for sleep. * During sleep, body temperature and metabolic rate decreases slightly, as does the activity of neurons, but by less than we might expect.

Answer 29

GABA

Question 30

Someone is dreaming but aware of being asleep and dreaming.

Answer 30

Lucid Dreaming

Question 31

A distinctive pattern of high amplitudes electrical potentials that occur first in the pons, then in the lateral geniculate of the thalamus and then in the occipital cortex.

Answer 31

PGO Waves

Question 32

• Inadequate sleep. | If you feel tired during the day you are not sleeping enough at night.

Answer 32

Insomnia

Question 33

Someone whose rhythm is _____has trouble falling asleep at the usual time, as if the hypothalamus thinks it isn’t late enough.

Answer 33

Phase Delayed

Question 34

Falls asleep easily but awakens early.

Answer 34

Phase Advanced

Question 35

o One type of insomnia, defined as impaired ability to breathe while sleeping. o People with ____ have breathless periods of a minute or so from which they awaken gasping for breath.

Answer 35

Sleep Apnea

Question 36

A condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day.

Answer 36

Narcolepsy

Question 37

A sleep disorder characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes arms. PLMD

Answer 37

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Question 38

o A condition in which people move around vigorously during REM sleep. • Apparently acting out their dreams

Answer 38

REM Behavior Disorder

Question 39

* Are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror. * It is more severe than a nightmare, which is simply an unpleasant dream.

Answer 39

Night Terrors

Question 40

o A dream represents the brains efforts to make sense of sparse and distorted information. o Suggests dreams begin with spontaneous activity in the pons, which activates many parts of the cortex.

Answer 40

The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis (RANDOM)

Question 41

o Derived from clinical studies of patients with various kinds of brain damage. o Places less emphasis on the pons o Suggests dreams are similar to thinking just under unusual circumstances.

Answer 41

The Clinco-Anatomical Hypothesis (Sleep Thinking)