Ch. 15 Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Question 1

o People with this disorder feel sad and helpless everyday for weeks at a time.
o They have little energy, feel worthless, contemplate suicide, have trouble sleeping, cannot concentrate, find little please, and can hardly even imagine being happy again.
o Absence of happiness is a more reliable symptom

Answer 1

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 2

Depression Occurs in . . .

Answer 2

Episodes

Question 3

Have a high probability of other relatives with depression as well as relatives with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit disorder, alcohol or marijuana abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia, migraine headaches, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Answer 3

Early on-set Depression (BEFORE 30)

Question 4

Have a high probability of relatives with circulatory problems.

Answer 4

Later on-set Depression (Especially after age 45 to 50

Question 5

• 20% of women report to some degree experiencing this.
• Depression after giving birth
• Hormonal fluctuations are a contributing factor

Answer 5

Postpartum Depression

Question 6

More people with depression have DECREASED activity in the ______ hemisphere and increased in the _____ prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

LEFT, RIGHT

Question 7

Operate by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release.

Answer 7

Tricyclic

Question 8

• Similar to tricyclic’s but specific to the neurotransmitter serotonin.
• For example, fluoxetine (trade name Prozac) blocks the reuptake of serotonin.

Answer 8

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 9

• Such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor)

* They block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Answer 9

Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Question 10

• Block the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), a presynaptic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.

Answer 10

Monoamine Oxide Inhibitors (MOI)

Question 11

• Are a miscellaneous group – everything other than the types discussed.
• Ex. Bupropion (Wellbutrin), which inhibits reuptake of dopamine and to some extent norepinephrine but not serotonin.

Answer 11

Atypical Antidepressants

Question 12

o Most people with depression have LOWER than average levels of a neurotrophin called _________that is important for synaptic plasticity, learning, and reduced proliferation of new neurons in the hippocampus.

Answer 12

Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Question 13

The drugs work better for _____, a long-term, almost life long condition of unhappy mood.

Answer 13

Dystthymia

Question 14

Shock treatment for depression - Last Resort

Answer 14

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Question 15

Vary between normality and one pole depression.

Answer 15

Unipolar Disorder

Question 16

• Have milder manic phases, called hypomania characterized by agitation or anxiety.
o In addition to mood swings, most people with bipolar disorder have attention deficits, poor impulse control, and impairments of verbal memory.

Answer 16

Bipolar II Disorder

Question 17

• Characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions.

Answer 17

Mania

Question 18

• People who have full blown episodes of Mania.

Answer 18

Bipolar I Disorder

Question 19

Milder Manic Phases

Answer 19

Hypomania

Question 20

• The first successful treatment for bipolar disorder and still the most common one.
• Stabilizes mood, preventing relapse into either mania or depression.

Answer 20

Lithium

Question 21

Depression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter

Answer 21

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Question 22

The _______ James Tilly Mathews (1790’s)first description of paranoid schizophrenia (JTM)

Answer 22

Air Loom

Question 23

Who came up with the Air Loom description? (JTM)

Answer 23

James Tilly Mathews

Question 24

someone much have deteriorated in everyday functioning (work, interpersonal relations, self-care) for at least 6 months and must show at least two of the following that are not attributable to other disorders:

Answer 24

Schizophrenia

Question 25

unjustifiable beliefs such as “beings from outer space are controlling my actions”

Answer 25

Delusions

Question 26

false sensory experiences such as hearing voices when alone.

Answer 26

Hallucinations

Question 27

• Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior.
• Hallucinations are considered a positive symptom because they are present when they should be absent.

Answer 27

Positive Symptoms

Question 28

• Weak or absent emotions, speech, and socialization.
• Behaviors are absent that should be present.
• Usually stable over time and difficult to treat.

Answer 28

Negative Symptoms

Question 29

Controls production of dendrite spines and the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus.

Answer 29

DISC1 (Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1)

Question 30

Schizophrenia begins with abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system, based on either genetics or other influences.

Answer 30

The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

Question 31

People with schizophrenia show _____ abnormalities

Answer 31

Mid-Brain

Question 32

• Which holds that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas.

Answer 32

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Question 33

• Characterized by hallucinations and delusions, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
• Results from repeated large doses of amphetamines or cocaine with prolong activity of dopamine at the synapse.

Answer 33

Substance Induced Psychotic Disorder

Question 34

The problem related in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, especially in the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 34

Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Question 35

• A set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic symptoms.
• The drugs also block dopamine neurons in the mesostriatal systems.

Answer 35

Mesolimbcortical System

Question 36

Characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements that develop gradually and to varying degrees among differ patients.

Answer 36

Tardive Dyskinesia

Question 37

Used to treat schizophrenia decrease activity at dopamine synapses; can produce movement problems.

Answer 37

First-Generation Antipsychotics

Question 38

• Used to treat schizophrenia has less effect on dopamine D2 receptors; more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors; seldom produce movement problems.
• More effective at treating negative symptoms and are now more widely used.

Answer 38

Second-Generation Antipsychotics