Chapter 1: The Major Issues

Question 1

A philosophical question as to why and how brain activity becomes conscious

Answer 1

Hard Problem

Question 2

Question about the relationship between mental experience and brain activity.

Answer 2

Mind-Brain Problem (or Mind-Body Problem)

Question 3

Is the study of the psychological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior.
The goal is to relate biology to issues of psychology.

Answer 3

Biological Psychology

Question 4

includes much more details about anatomy and chemistry.

We think and act the way we do because of certain brain mechanisms, which evolved from ancient animals.

Answer 4

Neuroscience

Question 5

convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands vary enormously in size, shape, and functions.

Answer 5

Neurons

Question 6

smaller than neurons, have many functions but do not convey information over great distances.

Answer 6

Glia

Question 7

Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs.

Answer 7

Physiological Explanation

Question 8

Describes how a behavior develops, including the influences of genes nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

Answer 8

Ontogenetic Explanation

Question 9

The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modifications of something found in ancestral species. Ex. Monkeys used tools, humans improved that skill.

Answer 9

Evolutionary Explanation

Question 10

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

Answer 10

Functional Explanation

Question 11

units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another, this is how inheritance occurs

Answer 11

Genes

Question 12

genes come in pairs because they are aligned alone _______; strands of genes that that also come in pairs.

Answer 12

Chromosomes

Question 13

double stranded molecule; a gene has been defined as a portion of a chromosome, which is composed of _______

Answer 13

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 14

a single-strand chemical; a stand of DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of ______

Answer 14

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):

Question 15

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 15

Enzymes

Question 16

anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes.

Answer 16

Homozygous

Question 17

an individual with an unmatched pair of genes. Ex. You might have a gene for blue eyes on one chromosome and a gene for brown eyes on the other.

Answer 17

Heterozygous

Question 18

shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.

Answer 18

Dominant Gene

Question 19

shows its effects only in the homozygous condition.

Answer 19

Recessive Gene

Question 20

the genes on the sex chromosomes designated X and Y. All other genes are autosomal chromosomes and their genes are known as Autosomal genes.

Answer 20

Sex-Linked Genes

Question 21

these are present in both sexes generally on autosomal chromosomes but active mainly in one sex. Ex. The genes that control breast size in women or the amount of chest hair on men. Both sexes have those genes but sex hormones activate them in one sex or the other.

Answer 21

Sex-Limited Genes

Question 22

a heritable change in a DNA molecule. Changing just ONE base in the DNA to any of the other three types means that the mutant gene will code for a protein with a different amino acid at one location in the molecule. A permanent change in part of a chromosome.

Answer 22

Mutation

Question 23

deals with the change in gene expression WITH OUT modification of the DNA sequence. An increase/decrease in the activity of a gene or group of genes, it could last month’s to years, but it would NOT be passes on generation after generation. Field that studies the mechanisms controlling gene expressions change in regulatory processes can have radical consequences for form function and behaviors. Environment and experience can alter gene expression both internal and external.

Answer 23

Epigenetics

Question 24

“from one egg” usually identical twins despite being “identical” they both carry some differences. They have the same genes.

Answer 24

Monozygotic Twins

Question 25

“from two eggs” these twins do not have the same genes.

Answer 25

Dizygotic Twins

Question 26

estimates how much of the variation is due to genes.

Answer 26

Heritability

Question 27

A change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population. Includes any change in gene frequencies good and bad.

Answer 27

Evolution

Question 28

the process of selecting plants/ animals for desired traits

Answer 28

Artificial Selection

Question 29

evolution through the inheritance of acquired traits. Ex. If you exercise your arm muscles, your children will be born with bigger arm muscles.

Answer 29

Lamarckian Evolution

Question 30

evolution improves _______, which is defined as the number of copies of ones genes that endure in later generation. _____to reproduce, can survive to reproduce, pass on your genes. Any genes that spreads =______

Answer 30

Fitness

Question 31

What evolved from what ?

Answer 31

Decent Modification

Question 32

- Offspring resembles their parents for genetic reasons. - Mutation and duplications introduce new heritable variation that helps or hinders survival and reproduction. - Any genetic change associated with greater reproductive success become more prevalent in later generations

Answer 32

Adaptation by Natural Selection

Question 33

o Concerns how behavior evolved. This emphasis is on evolutionary and functional explanations presumed genes of our ancestors and why natural selection favored genes that promote those behaviors.

Answer 33

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 34

an action that benefits someone other than the actor. A gene that encourages ________behavior would help other individuals survive and spread their genes.

Answer 34

Altruistic Behavior

Question 35

selection for a gene that benefits the individual’s relatives. A gene spreads if it more common toward relatives than toward unrelated individuals.

Answer 35

Kin Selection

Question 36

the ides that individuals help those who will return the favor.

Answer 36

Reciprocal Altruism

Question 37

o Researchers study animals because the mechanisms are sometimes easier to study in non-humans because they are interested in animal behavior for its own sake because they want to understand the evolution of behavior, and because certain kinds of experiments are difficult or impossible with humans.

Answer 37

Animal Testing

Question 38

Ones genes determine their personality, abilities, and behavior.

Answer 38

Biological Determinism

Question 39

Ones Culture determine their personality, abilities, and behavior.

Answer 39

Cultural Determinism

Question 40

A combination of genes and environment build ones personality, abilities, and behavior.

Answer 40

Bio-Cultural Interactionism

Question 41

DNA to RNA (one strand) make copy; transcribe a strand of DNA to RNA happens inside the nucleus.

Answer 41

Transcription

Question 42

mRNA to a Protein

Answer 42

Translation