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PSYC 306 > Chapter 1: The Major Issues > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Major Issues Flashcards

1
Q

A philosophical question as to why and how brain activity becomes conscious

A

Hard Problem

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2
Q

Question about the relationship between mental experience and brain activity.

A

Mind-Brain Problem (or Mind-Body Problem)

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3
Q

Is the study of the psychological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior.
The goal is to relate biology to issues of psychology.

A

Biological Psychology

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4
Q

includes much more details about anatomy and chemistry.

We think and act the way we do because of certain brain mechanisms, which evolved from ancient animals.

A

Neuroscience

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5
Q

convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands vary enormously in size, shape, and functions.

A

Neurons

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6
Q

smaller than neurons, have many functions but do not convey information over great distances.

A

Glia

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7
Q

Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs.

A

Physiological Explanation

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8
Q

Describes how a behavior develops, including the influences of genes nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

A

Ontogenetic Explanation

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9
Q

The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modifications of something found in ancestral species. Ex. Monkeys used tools, humans improved that skill.

A

Evolutionary Explanation

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10
Q

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

A

Functional Explanation

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11
Q

units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another, this is how inheritance occurs

A

Genes

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12
Q

genes come in pairs because they are aligned alone _______; strands of genes that that also come in pairs.

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

double stranded molecule; a gene has been defined as a portion of a chromosome, which is composed of _______

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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14
Q

a single-strand chemical; a stand of DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of ______

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):

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15
Q

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

A

Enzymes

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16
Q

anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes.

A

Homozygous

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17
Q

an individual with an unmatched pair of genes. Ex. You might have a gene for blue eyes on one chromosome and a gene for brown eyes on the other.

A

Heterozygous

18
Q

shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.

A

Dominant Gene

19
Q

shows its effects only in the homozygous condition.

A

Recessive Gene

20
Q

the genes on the sex chromosomes designated X and Y. All other genes are autosomal chromosomes and their genes are known as Autosomal genes.

A

Sex-Linked Genes

21
Q

these are present in both sexes generally on autosomal chromosomes but active mainly in one sex. Ex. The genes that control breast size in women or the amount of chest hair on men. Both sexes have those genes but sex hormones activate them in one sex or the other.

A

Sex-Limited Genes

22
Q

a heritable change in a DNA molecule. Changing just ONE base in the DNA to any of the other three types means that the mutant gene will code for a protein with a different amino acid at one location in the molecule. A permanent change in part of a chromosome.

A

Mutation

23
Q

deals with the change in gene expression WITH OUT modification of the DNA sequence. An increase/decrease in the activity of a gene or group of genes, it could last month’s to years, but it would NOT be passes on generation after generation. Field that studies the mechanisms controlling gene expressions change in regulatory processes can have radical consequences for form function and behaviors. Environment and experience can alter gene expression both internal and external.

A

Epigenetics

24
Q

“from one egg” usually identical twins despite being “identical” they both carry some differences. They have the same genes.

A

Monozygotic Twins

25
Q

“from two eggs” these twins do not have the same genes.

A

Dizygotic Twins

26
Q

estimates how much of the variation is due to genes.

A

Heritability

27
Q

A change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.
Includes any change in gene frequencies good and bad.

A

Evolution

28
Q

the process of selecting plants/ animals for desired traits

A

Artificial Selection

29
Q

evolution through the inheritance of acquired traits. Ex. If you exercise your arm muscles, your children will be born with bigger arm muscles.

A

Lamarckian Evolution

30
Q

evolution improves _______, which is defined as the number of copies of ones genes that endure in later generation. _____to reproduce, can survive to reproduce, pass on your genes. Any genes that spreads =______

A

Fitness

31
Q

What evolved from what ?

A

Decent Modification

32
Q
  • Offspring resembles their parents for genetic reasons.
  • Mutation and duplications introduce new heritable variation that helps or hinders survival and reproduction.
  • Any genetic change associated with greater reproductive success become more prevalent in later generations
A

Adaptation by Natural Selection

33
Q

o Concerns how behavior evolved. This emphasis is on evolutionary and functional explanations presumed genes of our ancestors and why natural selection favored genes that promote those behaviors.

A

Evolutionary Psychology

34
Q

an action that benefits someone other than the actor. A gene that encourages ________behavior would help other individuals survive and spread their genes.

A

Altruistic Behavior

35
Q

selection for a gene that benefits the individual’s relatives. A gene spreads if it more common toward relatives than toward unrelated individuals.

A

Kin Selection

36
Q

the ides that individuals help those who will return the favor.

A

Reciprocal Altruism

37
Q

o Researchers study animals because the mechanisms are sometimes easier to study in non-humans because they are interested in animal behavior for its own sake because they want to understand the evolution of behavior, and because certain kinds of experiments are difficult or impossible with humans.

A

Animal Testing

38
Q

Ones genes determine their personality, abilities, and behavior.

A

Biological Determinism

39
Q

Ones Culture determine their personality, abilities, and behavior.

A

Cultural Determinism

40
Q

A combination of genes and environment build ones personality, abilities, and behavior.

A

Bio-Cultural Interactionism

41
Q

DNA to RNA (one strand) make copy; transcribe a strand of DNA to RNA happens inside the nucleus.

A

Transcription

42
Q

mRNA to a Protein

A

Translation

PSYC 306 (13 decks)

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