Chapter 7: Other Sensory Systems

Question 1

Audition depends upon our ability to detect ____ waves
____ waves are periodic compression of air, water, and other media
___waves vary in amplitude and frequency

Answer 1

Sound

Question 2

The ____ of a sound wave is its intensity.

For example, a bolt of lighting produces sound waves of great ______

Answer 2

Amplitude

Question 3

Perception of intensity of a sound.

For example, a rapidly talking person sounds louder than slow music of the same physical amplitude.

Answer 3

Loudness

Question 4

the number of compression’s per second, measure in Hz.

o Pitch

Answer 4

Frequency

Question 5

___is the related aspect of perception; higher frequency sounds are higher in ____.

Answer 5

Pitch

Question 6

What is Located in the Outer Ear ?

Answer 6

Pinna

Question 7

The familiar structure of flesh and cartilage attached to each side of the head.
By altering the reflection of sound waves, the ____ helps us locate the source of a sound.

Answer 7

Pinna

Question 8

What is located in the Middle Ear?

Answer 8

Tympanic Membrane

Question 9

After sounds waves pass through the auditory canal, they strike the _________, or eardrum, in the middle ear.The _______vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it.

Answer 9

Tympanic Membrane

Question 10

What is located in the Inner Ear?

Answer 10

Oval Window, Cochlea, Hair Cells

Question 11

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the _______, a membrane in the inner ear.

Answer 11

Oval Window

Question 12

Snail-shaped structure in the inner ear, a cross section through the _____shows three long fluid filled tunnels: the Scala Vestibuli, Scala Media, and Scala Tympani.

Answer 12

Chochlea

Question 13

The Auditory Receptors, lie between the Basilar Membrane of the cochlea on one side and the tectorial membrane on the other.

Answer 13

Hair Cells

Question 14

Each frequency activates the hair cells at only one place along the basilar membrane and the nervous system distinguishes among frequencies based on neurons respond.

Answer 14

Place Theory

Question 15

 The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency.

Answer 15

Frequency Theory

Question 16

According to the ____ principle of pitch discrimination, the auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 4,000 per second, even though no individual axon approaches that frequency.

Answer 16

Volley Principle

Question 17

Also referred to as perfect pitch, is the ability to hear a note and identify it.

Answer 17

Absolute Pitch

Question 18

Located in the superior temporal cortex, it is the destination for most information from the______

Answer 18

Auditory Cortex

Question 19

sensitive to patterns of sound in the anterior temporal cortex.

Answer 19

Auditory “What” Pathway

Question 20

sensitive to sound location in the posterior temporal cortex and the parietal cortex.

Answer 20

Auditory “Where” Pathway

Question 21

Diseases, infections, or tumorous bone growth can prevent the idle ear from transmitting sound waves properly to the cochlea

Answer 21

Conductivite Deafness

Question 22

Results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve.

Answer 22

Nerve Deafness

Question 23

a frequent or constant ringing in the ears

Answer 23

Tinnitus

Question 24

You can identify a sounds direction even if it occurs just briefly and while you are turning your head.

Answer 24

Sound Localization

Question 25

For high frequency sounds, with a wavelength shorter than the width of the head, the head creates a _______ making the sounds louder for the closer ear.

Answer 25

Sound Shadow

Question 26

Another method is the difference in ______ at the two ears. | Difference in ____ at the two eats most useful in localizing sounds with sudden onset.

Answer 26

Time of Arrival

Question 27

_______between ears provides cues to sound localization with frequencies up to 1500 Hz.

Answer 27

Phase Difference

Question 28

refers to the system that detects the position and the movement of the head.

Answer 28

Vestibular Sensation

Question 29

 Oriented in perpendicular planes, are filled with a jelly like substance an line with hair cells.

Answer 29

Semicircular Canals

Question 30

Refers to the sensation of the body and its movements | Includes discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, etc

Answer 30

Somatosensory Receptors

Question 31

Detects sudden displacements of higher frequency vibrations on the skin

Answer 31

Pacinian Copuscle

Question 32

The heat receptors respond to ______, the chemical that makes jalapenos and similar peppers taste hot.

Answer 32

Capsaicin

Question 33

Receptors that respond to high touch (gentle stroke).

Answer 33

Merkel Desk

Question 34

 Each spinal nerve connects to a limited area of the body called the

Answer 34

Dermatome

Question 35

o Pain sensation begins with the least specialized of all receptors

Answer 35

Bare Nerve Ending

Question 36

Mild pain releases the neurotransmitter

Answer 36

Glutamate

Question 37

o Stronger pain releases both glutamate and ________, without substance P you do not detect the increased pain intensity.

Answer 37

Substance P

Question 38

Candance Pert and Soloman Snyder discovered that opiates bind to receptors found mostly in the spinal cord and the ________of the mid brain

Answer 38

Periaqueductal gray area

Question 39

The transmitters that attach to the same receptors as morphine are known as ____ – a contraction of endogenous morphine’s.

Answer 39

Endorphins

Question 40

Spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive input from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain

Answer 40

Gate Theory

Question 41

o A drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects

Answer 41

Placebo

Question 42

 Suggest that pain will increase, worsen pain by increasing anxiety.

Answer 42

Antiplacebos

Question 43

Hurt feelings activate the cingulate cortex, just as physical pain does, and also acetaminophen relieves hurt feelings as well as physical pain.

Answer 43

Social Pain

Question 44

The release of histamines by the skin produce itching sensations

Answer 44

Itch

Question 45

Each receptor would respond to a limited range of stimuli and the meaning would depend entirely on which neurons are active

Answer 45

Labeled-Line Principle

Question 46

Each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing.

Answer 46

Across-fiber Pattern principle

Question 47

Taste results from the stimulation of the _____the receptors on the tongue.

Answer 47

Taste Buds

Question 48

Mammalian taste receptors are in taste buds located in the ______ on the surface of the tongue.

Answer 48

Papillae

Question 49

Are sensitive to wide range of chemicals with varying degrees of toxicity

Answer 49

Bitter Receptors

Question 50

A structure in the medulla, where taste nerves are projected.

Answer 50

Nucleus of the Tractur Solitarius (NTS)

Question 51

The sense of smell is the response to chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose.

Answer 51

Olfaction

Question 52

Neurons responsible for smell are the _______, which line the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal air passages.

Answer 52

Olfactory Cells

Question 53

Proteins in the olfactory receptors respond to the chemicals outside the cells and trigger changes in the_________ inside the cell

Answer 53

G protein

Question 54

 Set of receptors located near, but separate, from the olfactory receptors.  Specialized to only respond to pheromones.

Answer 54

Vemeronasal Oragna (VNO)

Question 55

The VNO receptors are specialized to respond only to _______, chemicals released by an animal that affect the behavior of other membranes of the same species.

Answer 55

Pheromones

Question 56

Is the experience some people have in which stimulation of one sense evokes a perception of that sense and another one also. “ To me, the taste of beef is blue”

Answer 56

Synesthesia