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PSYC 306 > Chapter 7: Other Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Other Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Audition depends upon our ability to detect ____ waves
____ waves are periodic compression of air, water, and other media
___waves vary in amplitude and frequency

A

Sound

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2
Q

The ____ of a sound wave is its intensity.

For example, a bolt of lighting produces sound waves of great ______

A

Amplitude

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3
Q

Perception of intensity of a sound.

For example, a rapidly talking person sounds louder than slow music of the same physical amplitude.

A

Loudness

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4
Q

the number of compression’s per second, measure in Hz.

o Pitch

A

Frequency

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5
Q

___is the related aspect of perception; higher frequency sounds are higher in ____.

A

Pitch

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6
Q

What is Located in the Outer Ear ?

A

Pinna

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7
Q

The familiar structure of flesh and cartilage attached to each side of the head.
By altering the reflection of sound waves, the ____ helps us locate the source of a sound.

A

Pinna

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8
Q

What is located in the Middle Ear?

A

Tympanic Membrane

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9
Q

After sounds waves pass through the auditory canal, they strike the _________, or eardrum, in the middle ear.The _______vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it.

A

Tympanic Membrane

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10
Q

What is located in the Inner Ear?

A

Oval Window, Cochlea, Hair Cells

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11
Q

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the _______, a membrane in the inner ear.

A

Oval Window

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12
Q

Snail-shaped structure in the inner ear, a cross section through the _____shows three long fluid filled tunnels: the Scala Vestibuli, Scala Media, and Scala Tympani.

A

Chochlea

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13
Q

The Auditory Receptors, lie between the Basilar Membrane of the cochlea on one side and the tectorial membrane on the other.

A

Hair Cells

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14
Q

Each frequency activates the hair cells at only one place along the basilar membrane and the nervous system distinguishes among frequencies based on neurons respond.

A

Place Theory

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15
Q

 The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency.

A

Frequency Theory

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16
Q

According to the ____ principle of pitch discrimination, the auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 4,000 per second, even though no individual axon approaches that frequency.

A

Volley Principle

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17
Q

Also referred to as perfect pitch, is the ability to hear a note and identify it.

A

Absolute Pitch

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18
Q

Located in the superior temporal cortex, it is the destination for most information from the______

A

Auditory Cortex

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19
Q

sensitive to patterns of sound in the anterior temporal cortex.

A

Auditory “What” Pathway

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20
Q

sensitive to sound location in the posterior temporal cortex and the parietal cortex.

A

Auditory “Where” Pathway

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21
Q

Diseases, infections, or tumorous bone growth can prevent the idle ear from transmitting sound waves properly to the cochlea

A

Conductivite Deafness

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22
Q

Results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve.

A

Nerve Deafness

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23
Q

a frequent or constant ringing in the ears

A

Tinnitus

24
Q

You can identify a sounds direction even if it occurs just briefly and while you are turning your head.

A

Sound Localization

25
Q

For high frequency sounds, with a wavelength shorter than the width of the head, the head creates a _______ making the sounds louder for the closer ear.

A

Sound Shadow

26
Q

Another method is the difference in ______ at the two ears.

Difference in ____ at the two eats most useful in localizing sounds with sudden onset.

A

Time of Arrival

27
Q

_______between ears provides cues to sound localization with frequencies up to 1500 Hz.

A

Phase Difference

28
Q

refers to the system that detects the position and the movement of the head.

A

Vestibular Sensation

29
Q

 Oriented in perpendicular planes, are filled with a jelly like substance an line with hair cells.

A

Semicircular Canals

30
Q

Refers to the sensation of the body and its movements

Includes discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, etc

A

Somatosensory Receptors

31
Q

Detects sudden displacements of higher frequency vibrations on the skin

A

Pacinian Copuscle

32
Q

The heat receptors respond to ______, the chemical that makes jalapenos and similar peppers taste hot.

A

Capsaicin

33
Q

Receptors that respond to high touch (gentle stroke).

A

Merkel Desk

34
Q

 Each spinal nerve connects to a limited area of the body called the

A

Dermatome

35
Q

o Pain sensation begins with the least specialized of all receptors

A

Bare Nerve Ending

36
Q

Mild pain releases the neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

37
Q

o Stronger pain releases both glutamate and ________, without substance P you do not detect the increased pain intensity.

A

Substance P

38
Q

Candance Pert and Soloman Snyder discovered that opiates bind to receptors found mostly in the spinal cord and the ________of the mid brain

A

Periaqueductal gray area

39
Q

The transmitters that attach to the same receptors as morphine are known as ____ – a contraction of endogenous morphine’s.

A

Endorphins

40
Q

Spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive input from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain

A

Gate Theory

41
Q

o A drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects

A

Placebo

42
Q

 Suggest that pain will increase, worsen pain by increasing anxiety.

A

Antiplacebos

43
Q

Hurt feelings activate the cingulate cortex, just as physical pain does, and also acetaminophen relieves hurt feelings as well as physical pain.

A

Social Pain

44
Q

The release of histamines by the skin produce itching sensations

A

Itch

45
Q

Each receptor would respond to a limited range of stimuli and the meaning would depend entirely on which neurons are active

A

Labeled-Line Principle

46
Q

Each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing.

A

Across-fiber Pattern principle

47
Q

Taste results from the stimulation of the _____the receptors on the tongue.

A

Taste Buds

48
Q

Mammalian taste receptors are in taste buds located in the ______ on the surface of the tongue.

A

Papillae

49
Q

Are sensitive to wide range of chemicals with varying degrees of toxicity

A

Bitter Receptors

50
Q

A structure in the medulla, where taste nerves are projected.

A

Nucleus of the Tractur Solitarius (NTS)

51
Q

The sense of smell is the response to chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose.

A

Olfaction

52
Q

Neurons responsible for smell are the _______, which line the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal air passages.

A

Olfactory Cells

53
Q

Proteins in the olfactory receptors respond to the chemicals outside the cells and trigger changes in the_________ inside the cell

A

G protein

54
Q

 Set of receptors located near, but separate, from the olfactory receptors.
 Specialized to only respond to pheromones.

A

Vemeronasal Oragna (VNO)

55
Q

The VNO receptors are specialized to respond only to _______, chemicals released by an animal that affect the behavior of other membranes of the same species.

A

Pheromones

56
Q

Is the experience some people have in which stimulation of one sense evokes a perception of that sense and another one also.
“ To me, the taste of beef is blue”

A

Synesthesia

PSYC 306 (13 decks)

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