Chapter 8 Motivation Flashcards
Theories of motivation
- drive reduction theory
- arousal theory
- opponent process theory
- incentive theory
- hierarchy of needs
Motivation
Feelings or ideas that cause is to act towards a goal
Drive reduction theory
- behavior is motivated by biological needs and desire for homeostasis
- lack of homeostasis creates a drive
- doesn’t explain some human behaviors
2 types of drives
- primary
- secodary
Homeostasis
Balanced internal state
Primary drive
- biological needs we are motivated to satisfy
Secondary drive
- Something we learn to have a drive for since the resource can be used to meet out primary drives.
Arousal theory
- motivation theory
- we seek optimum level of excitement
- we have different levels of excitement we are satisfied with
- yerkes Dodson law
Yerkes Dodson law
- part of arousal theory
- too much and too little arousal result in poor performance. Medium arousal is perfect
Opponent process theory
- Theory of motivation, used to explain addicting behaviors
- we are motivated to be at a neutral baseline state
- ex: nonsmoker takes a smoke but then wants to return back to neutral state. Then gets withdrawal which is why having nicotine in ur body becomes a baseline state and you can’t move away from it
Incentive theory
- motivation theory
- we are motivated to seek rewards we desire
Hierarchy of needs
- motivation theory by Maslow
- pyramid of needs starting with needs most prioritized and that have to be met before going on to the next one
- at the top is self actualization, fullest potential
- some human behavior violates the hierarchy
Hunger motivation biological basis
- when our stomachs are empty, we are hungry
- hypothalamus monitors body chemistry, makes us hungry when we need to eat
2 opposing parts of hypothalamus
- lateral
- ventromedial
- set point theory
Types of motivation
- hunger
- sex
- social
Lateral hypothalamus
- when stimulated, makes us eat. If destroyed, we have no desire to eat and starve
Ventromedial hypothalamus
- When stimulated, makes us stop eating. When destroyed, the animal will eat without feeling full
Set point theory
- how the hypothalamus chooses what signal to send (keep eating or stop eating) based on glucose insulin ratios b/ it wants to maintain a certain optimal weight
- below weight? Signal to eat and slows metabolic rate
- above weight? Signal to stop eating and raises metabolic rate
Hunger motivation Psychological basis
- externals motivated to eat just because the food is attractive and present even if they aren’t hungry
- internals listen more to body cues
- Garcia effect changes what foods make you hungry
- we learn to like foods from our culture an background
Eating disorders
- bulimia- binge and purge by vomiting, laxatives, too much exercise
- anorexia- starve themselves to below 85% of body weight
- obesity- very overweight, often by 100 pounds, unhealthy eating habits or biological disposition
- most common in us where culture emphasizes body weight, family history shows possible genetic factor
Sexual response cycle
Studied by William masters and Virginia Johnson
- initial excitement
- plateau phase
- orgasm
- resolution phase
Initial excitement
- first of sexual response cycle
- p erect, clit swells, increase respiration and heart rate
Plateau phase
- respiration and heart rate still elevated
- secrete fluids
Orgasm
- contractions, heart rate/respiration increase more, ejac, pleasure
Resolution phase
- reputation heart rate slow
- men have refractory period before another org, women can repeat without waiting
Sexual motivation psych factors
- even when capability to have sex is lost, ppl still have sexual desires suggesting there is more than a biological motivation for sex
Sexual orientation
- human sexual behaviors documented by Alfred Kinsey
- environ have not been proven to influence sexual orientation
- possible bio factors- diff brain structures, twin studies, hormones in the womb
Social motivation
- achievement motivation
- extrinsic/intrinsic
Achievement motivation
- humans and some animals have an innate desire to figure out the world and master skills even if there is no clear benefit to the knowledge
- ppl have diff levels of this
Extrinsic/intrinsic motivation
- extrinsic motivators- rewards that we get from outside ourselves (grades, salary,) effective for short time period
- intrinsic motivators- rewards we get internally (self satisfaction) more enduring
- benefits shown when managers believe employees are intrinsically motivated, not extrinsically
Motivation conflicts
- approach approach conflict
- avoidance avoidance conflict
- Approach avoidance conflict
- multiple approach avoidance conflict
Approach approach conflict
- choosing between 2 desirable outcomes
Avoidance avoidance conflict
- choosing between 2 undesirable outcomes
Approach avoidance conflict
- when one event or goal has both desirable and undesirable features
Multiple approach avoidance conflict
Choosing between 2 or more events, each with its own desirable and undesirable features.
Emotion theories
- James-Lange
- cannon-bard
James-Lange theories
- theory on emotion
- we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress
1) stress
2) bio changes
3) emotion
Cannon-bard theory
- emotion theory
- one biological state may correspond to many different emotional states, so biological change and cognitive awareness of emotion happens at same time
2-factor theory
- emotion theory
- by Stanley schachtner
- emotion depends on interaction bw biological and cognitive state
Ex: heart racing and thinking that situation is scary leads you to feel afraid.
Nonverbal emotion
- way we nonverbally express emotions is universally the same (facial expressions)
To measure stress
- Holmes and rahe designed social readjustment rating scale(srrs); measures stress in terms of life changing units (LCU)
- someone with a high score will have a higher chance of getting a stress related disease
- perceived control over events lessens harmful effects of stress
general adaptation syndrome
- made by Hans Seyles
- general human and animal stress response
1) alarm reaction
2) resistance
3) exhaustion
Alarm reaction GAS
- first step in GaS
- heart rate increases, blood directed to muscles used to react, activates sympathetic nervous system
Resistance GAS
- body still remains ready
- hormones released to maintain readiness
- body is depleting its resources
Exhaustion GAS
- parasympathetic nervous system brings us back to normal
- more vulnerable to disease since our resources are depleted (ulcers, heart conditions, depression)
Over justification effect
How Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
