Chapter 12 Disorders Flashcards
What is considered abnormal in psych?
- maladaptive- harmful to the individual
- disturbing to others
- unusual symptoms not shared by pop members
- irrational to avg person
Can be just one of these symptoms to be considered a disorder p
Psychological disorder
Abnormal condition manifested in person’s behavior and/or thoughts
Insanity
Legal term used in court for people who cannot be held entirely accountable for their actions b of a psych disorder (NGRI- pleading for insanity)
DSM
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- used by psychologists to diagnose patients for diff disorders
- etiology not included b there are many opposing views
- periodically updated- most recent is DSM-5
- diagnostic labels not always accurate
Etiology
Possible Causes of a psych disorder
Main Categories Psych disorders
- anxiety
- somatoform
- dissociative
- mood
- schizophrenic
- personality
Anxiety disorders
- Constant feelings Of nervousness and unease
- phobia
- generalized anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
Phobia
Intense unwarranted Fear of situation or object
Agoraphobia
Fear of open public spaces
- afraid to leave ones home
Social phobia
Fear of situation where you public ally embarrass yourself
Generalized anxiety disorder
Experiences constant low level tension and anxiety
Panic disorder
Suffering from intense episodes of extreme anxiety without any apparent provocation, even more anxiety in anticipating next panic attack
Anxiety etiology
- psychoanalytic- result of unresolved conflict bw id ego and superego
- behavioral- anxiety is learned thru conditioning or cognitive learning
- cognitive- resulting from unhealthy ways of thinking that create stress
Somatic symptom disorder
- when person manifests psychological problem in a physiological way
- conversion disorder
- somatic symptom disorder
- hypochondriasis
Conversion disorder
Report experience of severe physical problem with no biological reason being identified
Hypochondriasis
- somatoform disorder
- complaining frequently about symptoms that doctors are not able to find a cause to
Somatic symptom disorder etiology
- psyhodynamic- outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts
- behaviorists- they do it because they are being reinforced by this behavior (avoiding work, seeking attention)
Disassociate disorder
- involve a disruption in concious processes
- dissociative identity disorder
- dissociative amnesia
Dissociative amnesia
When a person can’t remember things are there’s no physiological basis for it
Dissociative identity disorder
Aka multiple personality
- person with several personalities rather just one integrated one
- often personalities opposite to each other
- questioned as a legit disorder, role play with media
Dissociative disorders etiology
- Psychoanalytic- traumatic repressed event results in split in consciousness
- behavioral- people with trauma don’t find it rewarding to think about or remember it
Mood disorder
Extreme or inappropriate emotions
- major depressive
- seasonal affective disorder
- bipolar disorder
Major depressive disorder
- most common mood disorder
- ppl clinically unhappy for over 2 wks for no clear reason
- appetite Loss , fatigue, change in sleeping patterns
Seasonal affective disorder
- ppl experience depression only certain times of the year usly winter
- treated with light therapy
Bipolar disorder
- mood disorder with both depressed and manic states
Manic episode
- high energy, high confidence and power, maybe anxious and irritable, risky poorly thought decisions
Depression etiology
- Psychoanalytic- loss during psychosexual stages, harsh superego, anger directed inward
- behavioral- view mood disorder as bringing about reinforcement of attention and sympathy
- cognitive- neg views of cognitive triad (Arron beck) or neg Attributional style
- cognitive behavioral- Martin seligman’s learned helplessness
- bio- low levels of serotonin, more receptors for acetylcholine, low norepinephrine, runs in families(genetic)
Attributions and mood
- depressed ppl make internal, global, and stable attributions when bad things happen
- depressed ppl make external, specific, and unstable attributions when good things happen
Schizophrenia
- most sever psych disorder
- usly in young adulthood
- distorted thinking manifested in many ways
Symptoms
- delusions
- hallucinations
- clang associations
- neologisms
- inappropriate affect
- Catalonia
Types
- positive and neg
Delusions
Schizophrenic symptom
- beliefs that have no basis in reality
- delusion of persecution- belief people are out to get you
- delusion of grandeur- belief you have great power or influence
Hallucinations
- perceptions in the a sense of sensory stimulation
- schizophrenic symptom
Neologisms
- schizophrenic symptom
- making up your own words
Clang associations
- schizophrenic symptom
- saying a series of nonsense words that rhyme
Inappropriate affect
- schizophrenic symptom
- having extremely unusual emotions or reactions
- ex: flat affect
Flat affect
- schizophrenic symptom
- no emotional response to something emotional happening
Catatonia
Schizophrenic symptom
- motor problem, motionless in strange postures for Lon long times, moving jerkily for no reason
- usly have waxy flexibility
Waxy flexibility
- schizophrenic symptom of Catatonia
- allowing body to be moved In any alternate shape and holding new pose
Positive schizophrenia
Schizophrenia symptoms with excess in behavior thought or mood
Ex: neologisms, hallucinations
Negative schizophrenia
Schizophrenia symptoms with deficit in behavior thoughts or mood
Ex: flat affect and Catatonia
Schizophrenia etiology
biological-
- most common, dopamine hypothesis, - schizophrenics have enlarged brain ventricles and brain asymmetries, _ - - - chance 1 in 2 for identical twin whose twin is schizophrenic , chance 1/100 for rest of us,
- neg symptoms- genetics, positive symptoms- dopamine abnormalities
Cognitive behavioral- double binds
- diathesis stress model
Dopamine hypothesis
- all antipsychotic drugs result in lower dopamine levels and less disordered thought, can cause Parkinson’s like tardive dyskinesia when given too much
- Parkinson’s treated with dopamine (I-dopa) that when given excessively causes schizophrenic like thought distortions
Double binds
Theory of cause of schizophrenia
- when a person is given so many contradictory messages, they develop distorted ways of thinking
Diathesis stress model
- widely applied theory on psych disorders
- environ stressors bring about a biological predisposition for a disorder (helps explain why identical twins don’t suffer from same disorders)
Personality disorder
Maladaptive ways of behaving that affect ppls ability to function
- antisocial
- dependent
- paranoid
- narcissistic
- histrionic
- obsessive compulsive
Antisocial personality disorder
- have little regard for others feelings - - view world as hostile
- many become criminals
Dependent personality disorder
Rely too much on the attention and help of others
Paranoid personality disorder
Feel persecuted(not as bad as schizophrenia)
Narcissistic personality disorder
See oneself as center of the universe Melody
Histrionic personality disorder
Overly dramatic behavior
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors (not as bad as OCD)
Obsessive compulsive disorder
- persistent unwanted thoughts to do an action causes anxiety. engaging in the action reduces anxiety
Post traumatic stress disorder
- flashbacks or nightmares following a very troubling event, memories cause anxiety
Paraphilia
Aka psychosexual disorder
- sexual attraction to something not usly seen as sexual
- pedophilia- children
- zoophilia- animal
- fetishism- objects
- voyeur- watching others engage in sexual behavior
- masochist- having pain inflicted
- sadist- inflicting pain on others
Mostly men have this
Eating disorders
- obesity
- Anorexia nervosa
- bulimia
Mostly young women in western cultures
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder
- intense fear of food and gaining weight
- distorted body image, low low weight
Bulimia
Eating disorder
- intense fear of food
- distorted body image
- eat large quantities of food and then purging it out some how
Substance use disorder
- use of substances like alcohol or drugs regularly and negatively affects ones life
Neurodevelopmental disorders
- ADHD
- autism spectrum disorder
Alzheimer’s
Neurocognitive disorder
- deterioration of cognitive abilities, esp memory
- usly after 65
Autism spectrum disorder
- neurodevelopmental disorder
- seek less social and emotional contact, even from parents
- hypersensitive to sensory stimulation - intense interest in objects not viewed as interesting
- engaging in simple repetitive behaviors
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Neurodevelopmental disorder
- difficulty paying attention or sitting still
- much more common in boys, critics suggest over diagnosis for behaviors typical of this gender
David rosenhan
- Did study that showed how badly prevalent of a problem misdiagnosis is of psych disorders
Learned helplessness
Cognitive behavioral theory on etiology of depression by Martin seligman
- dog group who was unable to stop electric shocks the first time did not even try to escape shocks the second time b they learned to be helpless
- ppl can learn to be helpless and not able to improve a situation when something bad happens
