Chapter 1 Approaches Flashcards
Wave 1 introspection people
- Wilhelm Wundt
- William James
- Mary whiton calkins
- Margaret floy Washburn
- g. Stanley hall
History of psychology (waves)
1) introspection
2) gestalt
3) psychoanalysis
4) behaviorism
5) multiple perspectives
Introspection wave
- trephination in the Stone Age- releasing evil spirits by making holes in skulls
- structuralism and functionalism emerge
- doesn’t influence today psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
- made first psychological lab in leizpig Germany
- recorded cognitive reactions to different stimuli
- made structuralism
Introspection
- Examining cognitive structures by Recording cognitive reactions to simple stimuli
- doesn’t influence current psychology
Structuralism
Mind operates by combining subjective emotions and sensations
- made by Wilhelm Wundt
William James
- Published first psychology textbook, the principles of psychology
- made functionalism
Functionalism
Believes the mind should not be studied in terms of individual elements of consciousness but rather the whole consciousness
Mary whiton calkins
President of American psychological association
Margaret floy Washburn
First women to get PhD in psychology
G. Stanley hall
First president of American psychological association
Gestalt psychology wave
- focused on trying to see the bigger picture (sum is bigger that it’s parts)
- draws from all perspectives to evaluate the mind, not only focused on elements of conciousness like structuralism or the complete concious like functionalism, the mind is broader
- does not influence psychology today
Wave 2 Gestalt psychology ppl
Max wertheimer
Wave 3 Psychoanalysis
- to truly understand human thought and behavior one must study the unconscious mind thru psychoanalytic techniques
Unconscious mind
Part of the mind that ppl do not have conscious control over and partly influences how we think and behave
Repression
Pushing down of unconscious feelings that cause too much tension and anxiety for our conscious mind to deal with
Wave 3 psychoanalysis ppl
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
- made psychoanalytic theory
- theory used by many artists
- criticized for being unscientific
Wave 4 behaviorism
- believe that psychologists should look at only behavior and it’s causes (stimuli and response)- not unobservable concepts like consciousness
Wave 4 behaviorism ppl
- John Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
- b.f. Skinner
Reinforcement
Environ stimuli that that encourage or discourage behavior
Wave 5 multiple perspectives
- current psychologists look at thought and behavior from multiple perspectives (eclectic)
- no dominant approach
Psychological perspectives
- humanist
- psychoanalytic
- bio psychology
- evolutionary
- behavioral
- cognitive
- sociocultural
- bio psychosocial
Humanist perspective
- stressed free will which contrast the deterministic theories of the behaviorists
- choices guided by our emotional spiritual physiological needs
- not easily tested
Humanist perspective ppl
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Psychoanalytic perspective
- controversial
- unconscious mind controls most of our thought and behavior
- look for memories pushed to the unconscious mind thru therapy techniques like dream analysis, word association, etc.
Biopsychology perspective
- explain thought and behavior only thru biology
- certain thoughts or behaviors may be caused by genes, hormones, neurotransmitters
- big field
Cognition
Thought
Evolutionary perspective
- examine human thoughts and behavior thru natural selection
- more favorable traits passed down to next generation
Behavioral perspective
- human thought and behavior is affected by conditioning
Cognitive perspective
- thinks thought and behavior is affected by how we see and interpret the world (it just makes sense)
Sociocultural perspective
- thought and behavior is affected by the type of society and culture a person lives in
Eclectic
Psychologists who believe multiple perspectives must be used to understand human thought and behavior
Biopsychosocial perspective
- cognitive processes, biological makeup, and social factors influence the person lives in affects their thought and behavior
