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ap psych > Chapter 7 Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Cognition Flashcards

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0
Q

3 box/ info processing

A
  • model of how memory works
  • 3 stages before info is stored

1) held in sensory memory
2) some encoded in short term memory
3) some encoded in long term memory

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1
Q

Memory

A

Any indication that learning has persisted.

2 diff models

  • 3 box/information processing, retrieval
  • levels of processing model, retrieval
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2
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • where memory is first processed according to the 3 box model
  • info held here as your senses are processing it, stored for very short amount of time
  • iconic and echoic memory
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3
Q

George sperling

A
  • Experiment demonstrated iconic memory

- right after a 3x3 grid of letters was flashed at participants, they could recall any of the 3 rows perfectly

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4
Q

Iconic memory

A

Type of sensory memory, split-second perfect photograph of a scene
- researched by george sperling

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5
Q

Echoic memory

A

Type of sensory memory, 3-4 second perfect memory for sounds

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6
Q

Short term memory

A
  • where some sensory memory can be encoded in depending on your selective attention (what your paying attention to at the moment)
  • according to 3 box model
  • memories stored as visual, acoustic, or semantic codes
  • temporary, fade 10-30 sec, unless you rehearse it
  • limited to about 7 items (George miller), unless you use chunking
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7
Q

Selective attention

A
  • what you are attending to, what is important to you

- determines what will be stored in short term memory

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8
Q

Semantic code

A

Type of short term memory referring to the meaning of an event

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9
Q

Chunking

A
  • A method to expand number of items that can be kept in short term memory
  • grouping the items ex: mnemonic devices
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10
Q

George miller

A
  • studied capacity of short term memory with experiments

- limited to about 7 items

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11
Q

Long term memory

A
  • In 3 box model, Where more permanent storage for memories takes place
  • unlimited capacity
  • we will most likely remember long term memories for the rest of our lives
  • can be stored as episodic, semantic, or procedural memory
  • can be implicit or explicit
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12
Q

Episodic memory

A

Type of long term memory

- memory of specific events in sequential order

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13
Q

Semantic memory

A

Type of long term memory

- memory of general world knowledge not stored sequentially, but as facts, meanings, etc

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14
Q

Procedural memory

A

Type of long term memory

- memory of a skill and how to perform it

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15
Q

Implicit memory

A

Type of long term memory

- unintentional memory you might not even realize you have

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16
Q

Explicit memory

A

Type of long term memory

- memories we have consciously tried to remember

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17
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Aka photographic memory

  • rare condition where you have powerful and enduring visual images of what you witnessed resulting in perfect memory recall
  • studied by Alexandra luria
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18
Q

Alexandra luria

A
  • studied patients with eidetic memory
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19
Q

Levels of processing

A
  • model of how memory works
  • memories either deeply(elaboratively) processed or shallowly (maintenance) processed
  • we remember what we spend more cognitive time and energy processing
  • more processing, more remembering
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20
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting info out of memory so we can use it

2 types

  • recognition
  • recall
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21
Q

Recognition

A

Type of retrieval

Matching current event with one already in memory

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22
Q

Recall

A

Type of retrieval

- extracting a memory with an external cue

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23
Q

Factors affecting retrieval

A
  • serial position effect
  • semantic network theory
  • flash bulb memory
  • mood-congruent memory
  • state dependent memory
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24
Q

Serial position effect

A
  • Shows how order is a factor in retrieval when memorizing a list of items
  • primary effect and recency effect
  • researched by Hermann ebbinghaus
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25
Q

Primary effect

A
  • we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
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26
Q

Recency effect

A
  • we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a list
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27
Q

Semantic network theory

A
  • explains the tip of the tongue phenomenon
  • brain makes memories by connecting meaning and context with meanings already in memory creating a web of interconnected memories
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28
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

A
  • temporary inability to remember information, by listing traits (context of the memory), you get closer and closer to recalling the info.
  • explained by semantic network theory
29
Q

Flash bulb memory

A

Vivid powerful memories we hold into because of the importance of an event surrounding it
- shows how context is important in retrieval

30
Q

Mood congruent memory

A
  • we recall items more easily when our mood matches the mood we had when we first experienced the item
31
Q

State dependent memory

A
  • We recall events more easily when our state of consciousness matches the state we had when first experiencing the event
32
Q

Recovered memory phenomenon

A
  • Claiming to suddenly remember event you have repressed for years, thru therapy
  • many claims can be false- a constructed memory
33
Q

Constructed memory

A
  • recalling false details of a memory or creating an entirely false one.
  • usly happens when asked insistent questions suggesting an event that in reality never happened did
  • memories feel accurate to those recalling it
34
Q

forgetting

A

Causes

  • not using memory or connections to memory for a long time causes
  • interference
  • relearning effect
35
Q

Relearning effect

A
  • when you try to relearn a memory forgotten it will be a lot faster than if you had never learned that memory before
36
Q

Interference

A
  • One of the causes of forgetting
  • info in your memory competes with what your trying to recall

2 types

  • retroactive
  • proactive
37
Q

Retroactive interference

A
  • how learning new info makes it harder to recall older info
38
Q

Proactive interference

A
  • How the existence of older info makes it harder to learn new info
39
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

People can’t encode new memories but they can recall events in memory

40
Q

How memories are physically stored

A
  • hippocampus encodes memories
  • procedural memory stored in cerebellum
  • long term memories made and strengthened with long term potentiation
41
Q

Long term potentiation

A

When neurons are repeatedly firing, the connection is strengthened and the receiving neuron is more sensitive to that message- how long term memories are made and strengthened

42
Q

Language

A
  • made of phonemes which make morphemes which make words

- syntax- words put in a certain order

43
Q

Phonemes

A
  • smallest units of sound in a language

Ex: rolled r in Spanish

44
Q

Morphemes

A
  • smallest unit of meaningful sound in a language

Ex: a, but, prefixes

45
Q

Syntax

A

How words are spoken or written in a certain order

46
Q

Stages language acquisition

A

1) babbling- babies experiment with all diff phonemes they can make
2) begin to retain phonemes that pertain more to your primary lang
3) holophrastic stage
4) telegraphic speech
- overgeneralization

47
Q

How language is acquired

A

Behaviorists
- thru operant conditioning and shaping, rewarded with smiles and encouragement

Cognitive

  • children learn lang naturally without explicit instruction from parents
  • born with language acquisition device
  • critical period for learning Lang is in childhood
48
Q

Holophrastic stage

A

Babies begin to speak in single words, around 1st bday

49
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

When babies begin to combine words they can say into simple sentences

  • know meaning
  • still learning syntax and grammar rules
  • overgeneralization
50
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Misapplication of grammar rules in telegraphic speech

51
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Researcher who theorized humans born with language acquisition device and that childhood is critical period in language acquisition

52
Q

Language acquisition device

A

How children can more quickly pick up a language

53
Q

Thought

A

2 types

  • concepts, can be based on prototypes
  • images
  • how ppl solve problems gives insight on thought
54
Q

Concept

A
  • type of thought
  • cognitive rules we use to categorize and think about what we encounter
  • can be based on prototypes
55
Q

Prototypes

A
  • what we think is the most typical example of a concept
56
Q

Images (thought)

A
  • a type of thought
  • mental pics we create of the outside world
  • can be of any 5 senses
57
Q

Algorithms

A
  • rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem by using a foolproof method
58
Q

Problem solving methods

A
  • algorithms

- heuristics

59
Q

Heuristics

A
  • rule generally but not always true that can be used to solve a problem based on our judgements

overconfidence skews judgements

  • belief bias
  • belief perseverance

2 types

  • availability
  • representativeness
60
Q

Belief bias

A

We make illogical conclusions in order to confirm pre existing beliefs

61
Q

Availability heuristic

A
  • judging situation based on examples of similar past situations
62
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A
  • judging situation based on how similar aspects are to prototypes person holds in their mind
63
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to maintain belief even when evidence is disproved

64
Q

Problem solving mistakes

A
  • rigidity
  • confirmation bias
  • framing
65
Q

Rigidity

A
  • tendency to fall into established thought patterns from past experiences with similar problems, prevents us from thinking a better solution
  • problem solving mistake
  • ex functional fixedness
66
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Inability to see new use for an object

- type of rigidity

67
Q

Confirmation bias

A

We tend to look for evidence that proves our existing beliefs and ignore evidence contradicting it
- problem solving mistake

68
Q

Framing

A
  • problem solving mistake

- how the way a problem is presented changes persons expectations and even their ability to solve problem

69
Q

Creativity

A
  • little correlation with intelligence and creativity

2 types

  • convergent thinking
  • divergent thinking
70
Q

Convergent thinking

A
  • type of creativity

- thinking pointed toward one solution

71
Q

Divergent thinking

A
  • type of creativity

- thinking searching for multiple possible answers to a question

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