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ap psych > Chapter 14 Social > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Social Flashcards

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0
Q

Social cognition

A

How ppl think about themselves and others

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

Studies way ppl relate to others

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2
Q

Attitude

A

Set of thoughts feelings and actions, evaluative
- advertising industry devoted to changing ppls attitudes towards products

Affected by the

  • mere exposure effect
  • centeral and peripheral routes to persuasion
  • harder to change attitudes of more educated ppl
  • more educated audience should be shown acknowledgement and refuting of the opposing side, uninformed audience should be shown one side
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3
Q

Mere exposure affect

A

The more one is exposed to something the more one will come to like it (in advertising, more is better)

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4
Q

Central route

A

Persuasion technique that involves deeply processing the actual content of the message and why one should have this certain attitude towards it

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5
Q

Peripheral route

A

Persuasive technique involves focusing on other characteristic of the message(not the actual content) like the communicator
- attractive ppl famous ppl and experts work best

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6
Q

relationship bw attitude and behavior

A

Attitudes don’t perfectly predict behavior
- Richard lapiere’s study

cognitive dissonance theory
- Leon festinger and James carlsmith study

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7
Q

Richard lapiere

A
  • conducted study that showed attitude wasn’t perfectly related to behavior
  • establishments that served a Chinese couple later reported they would refuse such a couple service
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8
Q

Cognitive dissonant theory

A

Ppl are motivated to have matching attitudes and behaviors, if they don’t they have unpleasant mental tension or dissonance

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9
Q

Confederate

A

Ppl who work with the experimenter, but the participants don’t know this

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10
Q

Leon festinger and James carlsmith

A
  • did study on cognitive dissonance

- ppl who described a boring task as interesting for $1 in compensation reported liking the task more than ppl paid $20

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11
Q

Compliance strategies

A
  • Foot in the door
  • door in the face
  • norms of reciprocity
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12
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

Compliance strategy

- if you can get ppl to agree to a small request they are more likely to agree to a follow up request

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13
Q

Door in the face phenomenon

A

Compliance strategy
- after ppl refuse a large request they will look more favorably upon a follow up request that seems in comparison a lot more reasonable

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14
Q

Norms of reciprocity

A

Compliance strategy

- ppl tend to think that when someone does something nice for them they ought to do something nice in return

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15
Q

Attribution theory

A

Explains how ppl determine the cause of what they observe

  • dispositional/person or situation attribution
  • can be stable or unstable
  • Harold Kelley’s theory
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16
Q

Dispositional/Person attribution

A

Attributing an event to the person

  • charley gets perfect score on a test, b/ he is so smart (stable)
  • charley gets perfect score on test, b/ he studied a lot for this one test (unstable)
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17
Q

Situation attribution

A

Attributing an event to the situation

  • charley gets perfect score on test b/ the teacher is really easy (stable)
  • charley gets perfect score on test b/ the teacher happened to give one easy test (unstable)
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18
Q

Harold Kelley

A

Theory that explains the kinds of attributions ppl make based on

  • consistency- how similarly the person acts in the same situation over time (determines stable or unstable attribution)
  • distinctiveness- how similar this situation is to others we have watched from the person
  • consensus- how others in the same situation have responded (determines situation or person)
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19
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A
  • pre conceived expectations of ppl can influence the way they behave once you meet them
  • Robert rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson experiment
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20
Q

Robert rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson

A
  • studied self fulfilling prophecy

- teachers positive expectations led to increases in student iq scores

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21
Q

Attributional biases

A
  • fundamental attribution error
  • false consensus affect
  • self serving bias
  • just world belief
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22
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
  • Overestimating importance of dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors in other ppl actions
  • In our own actions, we make a lot more situational attributions
  • far less likely to occur in collectivist cultures than individualistic cultures
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23
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

A persons links to various groups such as family or company are stressed
- Japan’s

24
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

Importance and uniqueness of an individual is stressed

- American

25
Q

False consensus effect

A

Tendency for ppl to overestimate the number of ppl who agree with them

26
Q

Self serving bias

A

Tendency for ppl to take more credit for good outcomes and have situational attributions to bad outcomes

27
Q

Just world bias

A
  • tendency for ppl to think good things happen to good ppl and people run into misfortune b/ they deserved it (expains victim blaming)
  • defense mechanism so that we need not fear bad things happening to ourselves
  • ppl unemployed b/ they are lazy
28
Q

Stereotype

A
  • some cognitive psychologists think they are just schemata about groups of ppl, others think schemata are easier to change
  • negative or positive generalizations made about a group of ppl
29
Q

Prejudice

A

Undeserved usly negative attitude towards group of ppl
- ethnocentrism- Belief that ones culture is superior to others, happens when one becomes so used to their own culture they use it as a standard to judge others

30
Q

Discrimination

A
  • involves acting on a prejudice(neg attitude)
31
Q

In groups and out groups

A

In groups- Members of our own group
- ppl tend to see members of their own group as more diverse than out groups or ppl of other groups they have little familiarity with

32
Q

In group bias

A

Stems from ppls belief that they are good ppl so that the ppl whom they share group membership with are also good

33
Q

Origins of stereotypes and prejudice

A
  • some suggest that ppl naturally magnify diff bw their own group and others as a cognitive function of categorization
  • others think they are learned thru modeling, children raised by parents with prejudices are more likely to have these themselves
34
Q

Contact theory

A

Theory made on how to lessen prejudices bw diff groups

  • contact bw hostile groups will lessen animosity if the groups are made to work towards a common goal that benefits all and need teamwork
  • muzafer sherifs camp study
35
Q

Muzafer sherif

A
  • illustrated the contact theory with a study
  • campers in unfriendly competing groups cane to have positive feelings about each other when working towards a common goal
36
Q

Aggression

A
  • instrumental aggression- aggressive act intended to secure a particular result
  • hostile aggression- has no clear purpose

Theories

  • Freud- death instinct Thanatos
  • sociobiologists- adaptive under certain circumstances
  • frustration aggression hypothesis- feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely
  • observational learning of aggression too
37
Q

Pro social behavior

A

Acts of people helping one another

- most research in this area focused on bystander intervention

38
Q

Bystander intervention

A

The conditions under which ppl nearby will help or not help someone in trouble
- studied by John Darley and Bibb latane

39
Q

Bystander effect

A

Larger the number of ppl who witness an emergency situation the less likely anyone is to intervene

Why?

  • diffusion of responsibility
  • pluralistic ignorance
40
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Larger the group of ppl the less responsible any individual feels to help in an emergency situation

41
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

If no one is intervening in an emergency situation, no one will do anything b/ they think It is the improper thing to do

42
Q

What makes us attracted to others?

A
  • we like others according to similarity, proximity, and reciprocal liking
  • similar- ppl similar to us (attitudes, backgrounds, interests etc)
  • proximity- whom we come into frequent contact(mere exposure affect)
  • reciprocal likeness- the more they like you the more you like them
  • physical attractiveness leads ppl to attribute all sorts of positive things about you
  • loving and liking is difficult to explain but self disclosure (sharing personal info) is always a common denominator
43
Q

Out group homogeneity

A

Ppl tend to view members of their own group as more diverse than other groups

44
Q

Social facilitation

A

People perform tasks Better in front of an audience

45
Q

The influence of others on a persons behavior

A
  • Social facilitation
  • social impairment
  • conformity
  • obedience studies
46
Q

Social impairment

A

When a task is difficult, being watched by others can hurt performance

47
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency of ppl to go with the views or actions of others

  • Solomon asch studies
  • more likely to occur when a groups decision is unanimous
  • groups larger than 3 don’t significantly increase tendency to conform
48
Q

Solomon asch

A
  • conducted conformity experiment
  • participant put in a room of confederates, asked to answer questions
  • participants conformed 1/3 of the time the confederates held an obviously incorrect answer, 70% participants conformed at least once
49
Q

Obedience studies

A

Focus on participants willingness to do what another asks them to
- Stanley milgram’s experiment

50
Q

Stanley milgram’s

A
  • obedience experiments
  • participants asked to shock confederate weary time they got a wrong answer
  • 60% participants gave all levels of shock amid feigned cries of pain from the confederates
  • participant compliance decreased when the participant was able to see the confederate being shocked and when they had to force confederate’s hand on to the shock plate (30%)
  • obedience also decreased when authority left the room, but most of all when one of the confederates objected to administering the shocks
  • criticized on ethical grounds
51
Q

Group

A
  • should have norms and roles

- some are more Cohesive or exert more pressure on members

52
Q

Social loafing

A

When individuals don’t put in as much effort when acting as part of group than when alone

  • individuals performance less discernible in a group, so less motivated
  • reap rewards of group effort without putting in uneccesarry effort
53
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than group members would make individually
- responsibility for an extreme decision diffused across a groups many members

54
Q

Groupthink

A

Tendency for some groups to make bad decisions

  • made by Irving Janis
  • group members suppress feelings about a certain flaw within a decision that everyone supports, false inanity made
55
Q

Group dynamics

A
  • group think
  • group polarization
  • social loafing
  • deindividuation
56
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self restrain in a group when an individual feels anonymous and aroused (ex: looting and rioting)
- Phillip zimbardo’s experiment

57
Q

Phillip zimbardo’s

A
  • experiment on deindividuation
  • Stanford students put into either prison guard or prisoner roles
  • students got too into character, experiment ended early b/ of cruel guard treatment on prisoners

ap psych (14 decks)

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