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Chapter 3 Biology Flashcards

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0
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

Study of parts and functions of neurons

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1
Q

Neuroscience/bio psychological perspective

A

Influence of biology on psychology

  • genetics
  • functioning of brain and nervous system
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2
Q

Neuron parts

A
  • dendrites
  • cells body or soma
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • terminal buttons
  • neurotransmitters
  • synapse
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3
Q

Neurons

A

Individual nerve cells

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Rootlike parts of neurons that stretch out from cell body to make synaptic connections with other neurons

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5
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Nucleus and other centeral parts of neuron cell to sustain life

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6
Q

Axon

A

Wirelike structures extending from cell body and ending in terminal buttons

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty covering around the axons of some neurons that speeds neural impulses

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8
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Branched end of the axon of neuron that has neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals in terminal buttons of neuron that enable neurons to communicate, fit into receptor sites of other neuron’s dendrites

  • excitatory- excite next cell into firing
  • inhibitory - inhibit next cell from firing
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10
Q

Synapse

A

Space bw terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of next neuron

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11
Q

How a neuron fires

A

Neuron firing from A to B to C

  • terminal buttons of neuron A stimulated
  • release nuerotransmitters into synapse
  • if threshold level of nuerotransmitters are received by neuron B dendrite receptors, cell membrane becomes permeable and action potential occurs
  • action potential stimulates terminal buttons of B, process begins again if threshold level is reached in neuron C
  • all or none principle
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12
Q

Threshold

A

Level of neurotransmitters needed to be received by dendrite receptors for action potential to take place

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13
Q

Neuron in resting state

A
  • negatively charged, b mostly neg ions in neuron and mostly positive ions surrounding it
  • selectively permeable to prevent ions from mixing
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14
Q

Action potential

A

When a threshold or greater amount of neurotransmitters have been received by receptors, neuron becomes permeable and positive ions rush into the cell. The change in charge spreads thruout neuron from neg to pos

-May or May not send message, just has ability to

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15
Q

All or none principle

A

How a neuron fires completely or does not fire at all, a neuron cannot fire a little or a lot. Impulse same every time

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16
Q

Nervous system

A

How we bring info from our senses to our brain

2 types

  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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17
Q

Types of neurons

A

since neurons only fire in one direction, we need 2 sets of neuron trails, one to take info from brain to muscles, other from senses to brain

  • afferent neurons
  • internuerons
  • efferent neurons
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18
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Take info from senses to the brain

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19
Q

Interneurons

A

Takes messages that reach the brain or spinal cord and sends them elsewhere in the brain or onto efferent neurons

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20
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Take info from brain to the rest of the body

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21
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord (all the nerves encased in bones)

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22
Q

spinal cord-

A

bundle of nerves than run thru center of spine, transmits info from rest of body to brain

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23
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • nerves not encase in bone
  • somatic nervous system
  • automatic nervous system
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24
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls our voluntary muscle movements

- motor cortex of the brain sends impulses to somatic system

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25
Q

Automatic nervous system

A
  • controls automatic functions in body
    Like heart lungs glands etc
  • responses to stress (fight or flight)

2 types

  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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26
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • mobilizes body to respond to stress, part of automatic nervous system (alert system)
  • accelerates heart rate blood pressure respiration; slows down digestion
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27
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for slowing down body after a stress response

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28
Q

Reflexes

A

Reactions that occur the moment sensory impulses reach the spinal cord (some are adaptive like when you touch something really hot or cold)!

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29
Q

Ways of studying the brain

A
  • accidents
  • lesions
  • electroencephalogram
  • computerized axial topography
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • positron emission topography
  • functional MRI
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30
Q

Studying brain thru accidents

A

when people have an accident and damage a piece of their brain, researchers see how thoughts and behavior are affected

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31
Q

Lesions in brain study

A

when someone’s brain tissue is surgically removed b they have a tumor or something, researchers see how thought and behavior are affected

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32
Q

electroencephalogram

A

EEG detects brain waves, used in sleep research

- to study brain

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33
Q

Computerized axial topography

A

CAT scan uses several x ray cameras to create a 3d pic of brain structure
- tool to study brain

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34
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A
  • MRI
  • like the CAT scan in that it can only give doctors an image of brain structure but it is a lot more detailed layout, uses magnetic fields instead of x rays
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35
Q

Positron emission topography

A

Lets researches see what are as of the brain are most active during certain tasks
- diff scans for diff chemicals

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36
Q

Functional MRI

A
  • fMRI, new tech

- combines elements of MRI and PET scans to show 3d brain structure and what areas of the brain are very active

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37
Q

Brain parts

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex

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38
Q

Hind brain parts

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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39
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • structures in top part of spinal cord

- basic biological functions

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40
Q

Medulla

A
  • controls blood pressure, heart rate and breathing

- above spinal cord

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41
Q

Pons

A
  • connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain
  • controls facial expressions, sleep and arousal
  • above medulla and towards front
42
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • bottom rear of the brain
  • means little brain b it looks like one
  • coordinates habitual muscle movements
43
Q

Midbrain

A
  • bw forebrain and hindbrain
  • Coordinates simple movements in response to sensory stimulation
  • reticular formation- controls general body arousal and ability to focus attention, if it doesn’t work we fall into a deep coma
44
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Frontal part of brain
  • controls complex thought and reason
  • large size of forebrain sets humans apart from other species
45
Q

Forebrain parts

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
46
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Top of the brain stem

- gets sensory signals from spinal cord and sends them to appropriate areas in the rest of the cerebrum

47
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • small structure next to thalamus
  • controls 4 fs: fighting fleeing feeding and fornification(sex)
  • controls endocrine system
48
Q

Amygdala

A
  • near the end of each hippocampal arm

- used to experience emotion, especially in learning fear responses

49
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Encodes and processes memories before being being sent to other areas in the cerebral cortex for permanent storage
  • 2 arms surrounding the thalamus
50
Q

Important Neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine
  • dopamine
  • endorphins
  • serotonin
  • GABA
  • glutamate
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
51
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Voluntary moving, learning, memory
  • too much- depression
  • lack associated with Alzheimer’s and dementia
52
Q

Dopamine

A
  • mood attention movement
  • lack associated with Parkinson’s
  • And too much associated with schizophrenia
53
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Neurotransmitter used as pain relief and pleasure
54
Q

Serotonin

A
  • mood, sleep, aggression
  • lack associated with depression and OCD
  • too much- heart problems
55
Q

GABA

A
  • important inhibitory neurotransmitters
  • too much- overly sedated
  • too little- anxiety and seizures
56
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

- migraines and seizures

57
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • alertness, eating, stress responses
  • too much- schizophrenia
  • too little- depression-
58
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Gray thin surface of the brain made of neurons that grow and connect as we develop
  • fissures enable it to hold more neurons with a larger surface area
  • babies have more neurons than we do now
  • made of 2 hemispheres
  • each hemispheres has 4 diff lobes
59
Q

Fissures

A

Wrinkles of the cerebral cortex that increase surface area to hold more neural connections

60
Q

Cerebral cortex hemispheres

A
  • Contralateral control
  • no conclusions drawn yet on whether left is more active during logical tasks and right is more creative
  • research being done of brain lateralization or hemispheric specialization by studying split brain patients
61
Q

Contralateral control

A
  • left brain hemisphere controls motor function of right side of body, right hemisphere controls the left
62
Q

Brain lateralization

A

Specialization of function in each hemisphere of brain

63
Q

Split brain patients

A

Ppl whose corpus callosum has been removed to treat severe epilepsy but are for brain lateralization
- operation pioneered by roger sperry and Michael gazzinga

64
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Nerve bundle that connects 2 brain hemispheres

65
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A
  • 4 on each hemisphere
  • frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
  • also association areas
66
Q

Association area

A

Any area of cerebral cortex not associated with receiving sensory info or controlling motor movements
- specific functions unknown, active in various thoughts and behaviors

67
Q

Frontal lobes

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • motor cortex
  • Broca’s area
68
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • very front of the frontal lobe

- directs critical abstract thought processes and emotional control

69
Q

Broca’s area

A

Part of frontal lobe controlling muscles involved in speech

- named after Paul Broca

70
Q

Motor cortex

A
  • thin strip at the back of the frontal lobe
  • controls voluntary muscle movements
  • top of body controlled by bottom of motor cortex, bottom of body controlled by top of motor cortex
71
Q

Parietal lobes

A
  • Behind frontal lobe but still on top of head

- sensory cortex

72
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Thin strip in parietal lobe behind motor cortex

  • gets touch sensations from rest of body
  • top gets sensations from bottom part of body and inverse true too
73
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • lobe farthest back in brain

- visual cortex

74
Q

Visual cortex

A
  • part of occipital lobe
  • impulses from retinas of eyes sent to visual cortex to be interpreted
  • right visual field processed in left sides of each retina which is taken to the left cerebral hemisphere
75
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • processes sound sensed by ears
  • auditory cortex
  • wernicke’s area
76
Q

Auditory cortex

A
  • Part of temporal lobe
  • interprets neural impulses made by sound waves
  • not lateralized, sound heard by left ear interpreted in both auditory cortices
77
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • interprets written words and spoken speech (language)
  • in temporal lobe
  • founded after Carl wernicke
78
Q

Language areas of brain

A
  • wernicke’s area

- Broca’s area

79
Q

Brain plasticity

A
  • how adaptable the brain is
    parts of the brain made for certain functions might take over other jobs if the part of the brain usually performing these jobs is damaged
  • brain most plastic in younger children
80
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • system of glands that secrete hormones
  • controlled in brain by hypothalamus

Some glands

  • adrenal
  • ovaries
  • testes
81
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • part of endocrine system

- secretes hormones of adrenaline putting body in fight or flight mode

82
Q

Ovaries and testes

A
  • gland part of the endocrine system
  • secretes sex hormones: estrogen for female, testosterone for male
  • explains gender differences
83
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Which contributes more to thought and behavior? Genetic code or the environment we grow up in?

Study identical twins (monozygotic) who have same genetic info
- Thomas bouchard’s study

84
Q

Basic human genetics

A
  • each cell- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
  • chromosomes made of DNA
  • DNA regulates protein production, these proteins control some traits
  • segment of DNA that controls 1 protein is a gene
  • genes can be expressed depending on if they are dominant or recessive
85
Q

Thomas Bouchard

A
  • did twin studies to examine nature vs nurture
  • identical twins raised in different families still have a high correlation in scoring similar traits, however identical twins raised together are even more likely to have similar traits showing environ plays a role too
  • criticism- effective psychological environ- even though twins are raised separately, they are treated similarly due to their identical appearance so in reality are exposed to same environ.
86
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A
  • turners syndrome
  • klinefelters syndrome
  • Down syndrome
87
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Ppl born with only a single X chromosome

  • shortness
  • webbed necks
  • diff in physical sexual development
88
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A
  • have an extra X chromosome (xxy)
  • causes minimal sexual development
  • extreme introversion
89
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • extra chromosome on 21st pair
  • rounder face
  • shorter fingers and toes
  • slanted far apart eyes
  • degree of mental retardation
90
Q

Glia

A
  • supports, gives nutrients, and removes waste for efficient communication b/w neurons
  • without glia, mood disorders and brain cancer
91
Q

Pre synaptic neuron

A

Neuron that Sends message

92
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Neuron that Receives message

93
Q

Synaptic vessels

A

Bubbles holding neurotransmitters in the terminal buttons , pops when releasing neurotrans into the synapse

94
Q

Antagonist

A

Neurotransmitters that block receptor sites, because it doesn’t fit so it doesn’t let other neurotransmitters get in

95
Q

Agonist

A

Mimics proper neurotransmitter to go into receptor site (fake chemical)

96
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Neurons that increase the likelihood that the next neuron will undergo action potential by promoting a plsitive voltage shift

97
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters that decrease likelihood next neuron will do action potential by promoting a negative voltage shift

98
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

Neuron receives mostly inhibitory neurotrans resulting in a negative voltage shift, decreases likelihood next neuron will go to action potential

99
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potential

A

Neuron that receives mostly excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in a positive voltage shift, more likely to do action potential

100
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • associated with energy
  • too much- anxiety restlessness
  • too little- depression
101
Q

Libido

A

Sexual arousal

102
Q

Limbic system

A

hypothalamus amygdala and hippocampus

- deals with experience of emotion, memory, and pleasure

ap psych (14 decks)

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