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Micobiology > Chapter 8 - Microbial Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Microbial Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

Must be provided to an organism

A

Essential nutrients

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3
Q

What are two categories of essential nutrients?

A
  1. Macronutrients

2. Micronutrients or trace elements

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4
Q

96% of cell is composed of what 6 elements?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Phosphorous
  5. Sulfur
  6. Nitrogen
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5
Q

What are the sources of essential nutrients?

A
  • Carbon sources
  • Nirtogen sources
  • Oxygen sources
  • Hydrogen sources
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6
Q

Heterotroph vs. Autotroph

A

Carbon sources

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7
Q
  • Main reservoir is nitrogen gas (N2); 79% of earth’s atmosphere is N2
  • Nitrogen is part of the structure of biological molecules – these are the primary source of N for heterotrophs
  • Inorganic N sources
  • NH3 -only form that can be combined with carbon to synthesize amino acids, etc
A

Nitrogen Sources

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8
Q
  • Major component of biological molecules
  • Component of inorganic salts (sulfates, phosphates, nitrates) and water
  • O2 makes up 20% of atmosphere
  • Essential to metabolism of many organisms
A

Oxygen Sources

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9
Q
  • Major element in all organic compounds and several inorganic ones
  • Roles of hydrogen:
A

Hydrogen Sources

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10
Q

Essential to protein synthesis and membrane function

A

Potassium

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11
Q

Important to some types of cell transport

A

Sodium

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12
Q

Cell wall and endospore stabilizer

A

Calcium

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13
Q

Component of chlorophyll; membrane and ribosome stabilizer

A

Magnesium

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14
Q

Cmponent of proteins of cell respiration

A

Iron

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15
Q

______ _______ must be provided as a nutrient

A

Growth factors

- Essential amino acids, vitamins

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16
Q

Main determinants of nutritional type are

A
  • Carbon source

- Energy source

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17
Q

Heterotroph or Autotroph

A

Carbon source

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18
Q

Chemotroph or Phototroph

A

Energy source

19
Q
  • Oxygenic photosynthesis

- Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Photoautotrophs

20
Q

Chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs) survive totally on _________ substances

A

Inorganic

21
Q

Methanogens, a kind of chemoautotroph, produce methane gas under ________ conditions

A

Anaerobic

22
Q

Majority are chemoheterotrophs

- Aerobic respiration

A

Heterotrophs

23
Q

What are the two categories of heterotrphs?

A
  1. Saprobes

2. Parasites

24
Q

Free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

  • Opportunistic pathogen
  • Faculative parasite
A

Saprobes

25
Q

Derive nutrients from host

  • Pathogens
  • Some are obligate patasites
A

Parasites

26
Q

What factor influences microbes?

A

Niche

27
Q

What environmental factors affect the function of metabolic enzymes?

A
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen requirements
  • pH
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Barometric pressure
28
Q

What metabolism do microbes have?

A

Catabolism or anabolism

29
Q
  • Cellulase
  • Amylase
  • Penicillinase
  • What are most of the others?
A

Exoenzymes

- Most others: Endoenzymes

30
Q
  • Repeatedly accept and release electrons and hydrogen to facilitate the transfer of redox energy
  • Most carriers are coenzymes
A

Electron and Proton Carriers = redox pair

31
Q
  • Metabolic “currency”
  • Three part molecule
  • ATP utilization and replenishment is a constant cycle in active cells
  • Removal of the terminal phosphate releases energy
A

Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP

32
Q

ATP can be formed by what three different mechanisms?

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Photophosphorylation
33
Q

Study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release

A

Bioenergetics

34
Q

Primary catabolism of fuels (glucose) proceeds through a series of three coupled pathways. What are they?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s cycle
  3. Respiratory chain, electron transport
35
Q

ETS shuttles electrons down the chain, energy is released and subsequently captured and used by ATP synthase complexes to produce ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

Functions like aerobic respiration except it utilizes oxygen containing ions, rather than free oxygen, as the final electron acceptor

A

Anaerobic Respiration

37
Q

Most obligate anaerobes use the H+ generated during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to reduce some compound other than O2

A

Anaerobic Respiration

38
Q
  • Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
  • Uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors
  • Yields a small amount of ATP
  • Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose
  • Formation of acid, gas, and other products by the action of various bacteria on pyruvic acid
A

Fermentation

39
Q

Many pathways of metabolism are bi-directional or ___________

A

Amphibolic

40
Q

Catabolic pathways contain molecular intermediates (metabolites) that can be diverted into ________ ________

A

Anabolic pathways

41
Q

Pyruvic acid can be converted into amino acids through _________

A

Amination

42
Q

Amino acids can be converted into energy sources through ___________

A

Deamination

43
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can be converted into precursors for _____ _____, _____________, and ____

A

Amino-acids, carbohydrates, and fats

Micobiology (15 decks)

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