Chapter 16 - Non-specific Immune Responses Flashcards
1
Q
What are host defenses?
A
- Innate, natural defenses
- Adaptive immunities
2
Q
Present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
A
Innate, natural defenses
3
Q
Specific, must be acquired
A
Adaptive immunities
4
Q
To protect the body against pathogens, the immune system relies on a multilevel network of physical barriers, immunologically active cells, and a variety of chemicals. What are the levels?
A
- First line of defense (nonspecific)
- Second line of defense (nonspecific)
- Third line of defense (specific)
5
Q
Is the first line of defense innate or acquired?
A
Innate
6
Q
Is the second line of defense innate or acquired?
A
Innate
7
Q
Is the third line of defense innate or acquired?
A
Acquired
8
Q
Is the first line of defense specific or nonspecific?
A
Nonspecific
9
Q
Is the second line of defense specific or nonspecific?
A
Mostly nonspecific
10
Q
Is the third line of defense specific or nonspecific?
A
What Specific
11
Q
Does the first line of defense have development of immunologic memory?
A
No
12
Q
Does the second line of defense have development of immunologic memory?
A
No
13
Q
Does the third line of defense have development of immunologic memory?
A
Yes
14
Q
What are some examples of the first line of defense?
A
- Physical barriers: skin, tears, coughing, sneezing
- Chemical barriers: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes
- Genetic barriers: resistance inherent to genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot invade)
15
Q
What are some examples of the second line of defense?
A
Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon
16
Q
What are some examples of the third line of defense?
A
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies
17
Q
What are nonspecific chemical defenses?
A
- Sebacceous secretions
- Lysozyme
- High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
- Skin’s acidic pH
- Hydrochloric acid in stomach
- Digestive juices and bile of intestines
- Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical
- Vagina has acidic pH
18
Q
Some hosts are ____________ ______ to the diseases of other hosts
A
Genetically immune
19
Q
Some pathogens have great ___________
A
Specificity
20
Q
Some genetic differences exist in ______________
A
Susceptibility
21
Q
The study of the immune system
A
Immunology
22
Q
Functions of a healthy functioning immune system:
A
- Surveillance of the body
- Recognition of foreign material
- Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
23
Q
What are the four major subdivisions of immune system?
A
- Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
- Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Bloodstream
- Lymphatic system
24
Q
Leukocytes
A
White blood cells
25
Foreign, doesn't belong
Nonself
26
Does belong
Self
27
Molecules or proteins found on outer layer that are shared with microorganisms - our bodies recognize them as foreign
Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs)
28
Receptors on WBCs of pathogen-associated patterns - help with recognition of infectious agent
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
29
Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs
- Mononuclear
- Phagocyte system
Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
30
Contains macrophages that are ready to attack infectious agents
Phagocyte system
31
Whole blood consists of ______ and formed ________
Plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
32
Plasma makes up how much of the blood?
55%
33
Blood cells/formed elements make up how much of the blood?
45%
34
What are the two types of leukocytes?
- Granulocytes
| - Agranulocytes
35
What are the physical or anatomical barriers of the first line of defense?
Skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, urogenital, eyes, and digestive tracts
36
Outermost layer of skin is composed of epithelial cells compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with _______, few pathogens can penetrate it
Keratin
37
Skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, urogenital, eyes, and digestive tracts
- Flushing effect of sweat glands
- Damaged cells are rapidly replaced
- Mucous coat impedes attachment and entry of bacteria
- Blinking and tear production
- Stomach acid
- Nasal hair traps larger particles
First line of defense
38
What protects the portal of entry?
The first line of defense
39
What are nonspecific chemical defenses?
- Sebaceous secretions
- Lysozyme
- High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
- Skin's acidic pH
- Hydrochloric acid in stomach
- Digestive juices and bile of intestines
- Semen contains antimicrobial chemical
- Vagina has acidic pH
40
Some hosts are ___________ ______ to the diseases of other hosts
Genetically immune
41
Some pathogens have _____ ___________
Great specificity
42
Some genetic differences exist in ______________
Susceptibility
43
Study of immune system
Immunology
44
What are the functions of a health functioning immune system?
1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign material
3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
45
What are leukocytes?
White blood cellls
46
Foreign/doesn't belong
Nonself
47
Does belong
Self
48
What is a specific leukocyte?
Lymphocyte
49
Molecules or proteins found on the outer layer that are shared with microorganisms/pathogens
- Our bodies recognize them as foreign
Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs)
50
Receptors or WBCs for PAMPs
| Helps with recognition of infectious agents
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
51
Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs
- Mononuclear phagocyte system
Reticuloendothelial System (RES)
52
Contains macrophages that are ready to attack infectious agents
Mononuclear phagocyte system
53
Whole blood consists of:
Plasma and formed elements
54
What are blood cells?
Formed elements
55
Plasma makes up what % of blood?
55%
56
Formed elements/blood cells make up what % of the blood?
45%
57
Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in the bone marrow
Hemopoiesis
58
What are the granulocytes?
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
59
Most common WBC
| - First to arrive
Neutrophils
60
1-3% of WBCs important for destroying allergy and inflammatory reactions
Eosinophils
61
Least common WBC
Make up half a %
Release chemical signals that call in other cells
Basophils
62
Found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions
Mast cells
63
Involved in specific immunity
Lymphocytes
64
What are the types of lymphocytes?
- B cells (humoral immunity)
| - T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
65
Activated B cells produce __________
Antibodies
66
Activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill _______ cells
Foreign
67
Humoral immunity
B cells
68
Cell-mediated immunity
T cells
69
What are the agranulocytes?
- Lymphocytes
| - Monocytes
70
Largest of the WBCs
Monocytes
71
What are the types of monocytes?
- Macrophages
| - Dendritic cells
72
Mature from monocytes phagocytic cells
Macrophages and dendritic cells
73
Part of formed elements important for clotting
- Do not have a nucleus
- Biconcave disc
Erythrocytes (RBC)
74
Found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting
| - No nucleus
Platelets
75
What three things does the Lymphatic System do?
1. Provides an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
2. Acts as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response
3. Renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material
76
Formed when blood components move our of blood vessels into extracellular spaces
- Made up of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins
- Transports white blood cells, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents
Lymph (lymphatic fluid)
77
Blind ended and lead into lymph nodes
| - Has thin walls
Lymphatic vessels
78
Where B cells mature
Bone marrow
79
Where T cells mature
Thymus
80
Where lymphocytes mature
Primary lymphoid organs
81
Lymphoid organs and tissues can be in what two classifications?
Primary and secondary
82
Primary organs where WBCs mature
Primary lymphoid organs
83
What are the lymphoid organs?
- Thymus
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Miscellaneous
84
- Removes pathogens and microbes
- Filters blood
- Can do without it as an adult, but not as a child
- Similar structurally to lymph nodes
Spleen
85
Actions of the second line of defense
- Recognition
- Inflammation
- Phagocytosis
- Interferon
- Complement
86
- Stimulate an inflammatory response (nonspecific)
| - Promote the activity of B and T cells (specific)
Toll-like receptors
87
What are the classic signs and symptoms of an inflammatory response?
- Redness
- Warmth
- Swelling
- Pain
- Possible loss of function
88
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
Diapedesis
89
Movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance
Chemotaxis
90
Initiated by pyrogens
Fever
91
Pyrogens made by bacteria
| - Microphages
Exogenous pyrogens
92
Pyrogens made by body
Endogenous pyrogens
93
There can be ________ of fever
Benefits
94
General activities of phagocytes:
1. To survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead or injured cells
2. To ingest and eliminate these materials
3. To extract immunofenic information from foreign matter
95
What are the main types of phagocytes?
1. Neutrophils and Eosinophils
| 2. Macrophages
96
Contain enzymes
Lysosome
97
What are small protein produced by certain blood cells and tissue cells
- Interferon alpha
- Interferon beta
- Interferon gamma
98
Complement consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy ________ and _______
Bacteria and viruses
99
Complement proteins are activated by ________
Cleavage (cascade reaction)
100
What are the pathways of a complement protein?
- Classical
- Lectin pathway
- Alternative
