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Micobiology > Chapter 16 - Non-specific Immune Responses > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Non-specific Immune Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What are host defenses?

A
  • Innate, natural defenses

- Adaptive immunities

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2
Q

Present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection

A

Innate, natural defenses

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3
Q

Specific, must be acquired

A

Adaptive immunities

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4
Q

To protect the body against pathogens, the immune system relies on a multilevel network of physical barriers, immunologically active cells, and a variety of chemicals. What are the levels?

A
  • First line of defense (nonspecific)
  • Second line of defense (nonspecific)
  • Third line of defense (specific)
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5
Q

Is the first line of defense innate or acquired?

A

Innate

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6
Q

Is the second line of defense innate or acquired?

A

Innate

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7
Q

Is the third line of defense innate or acquired?

A

Acquired

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8
Q

Is the first line of defense specific or nonspecific?

A

Nonspecific

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9
Q

Is the second line of defense specific or nonspecific?

A

Mostly nonspecific

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10
Q

Is the third line of defense specific or nonspecific?

A

What Specific

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11
Q

Does the first line of defense have development of immunologic memory?

A

No

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12
Q

Does the second line of defense have development of immunologic memory?

A

No

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13
Q

Does the third line of defense have development of immunologic memory?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are some examples of the first line of defense?

A
  • Physical barriers: skin, tears, coughing, sneezing
  • Chemical barriers: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes
  • Genetic barriers: resistance inherent to genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot invade)
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15
Q

What are some examples of the second line of defense?

A

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon

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16
Q

What are some examples of the third line of defense?

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies

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17
Q

What are nonspecific chemical defenses?

A
  • Sebacceous secretions
  • Lysozyme
  • High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
  • Skin’s acidic pH
  • Hydrochloric acid in stomach
  • Digestive juices and bile of intestines
  • Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical
  • Vagina has acidic pH
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18
Q

Some hosts are ____________ ______ to the diseases of other hosts

A

Genetically immune

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19
Q

Some pathogens have great ___________

A

Specificity

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20
Q

Some genetic differences exist in ______________

A

Susceptibility

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21
Q

The study of the immune system

A

Immunology

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22
Q

Functions of a healthy functioning immune system:

A
  1. Surveillance of the body
  2. Recognition of foreign material
  3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
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23
Q

What are the four major subdivisions of immune system?

A
  1. Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
  2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  3. Bloodstream
  4. Lymphatic system
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24
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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25
Q

Foreign, doesn’t belong

A

Nonself

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26
Q

Does belong

A

Self

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27
Q

Molecules or proteins found on outer layer that are shared with microorganisms - our bodies recognize them as foreign

A

Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs)

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28
Q

Receptors on WBCs of pathogen-associated patterns - help with recognition of infectious agent

A

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

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29
Q

Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs

  • Mononuclear
  • Phagocyte system
A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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30
Q

Contains macrophages that are ready to attack infectious agents

A

Phagocyte system

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31
Q

Whole blood consists of ______ and formed ________

A

Plasma and formed elements (blood cells)

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32
Q

Plasma makes up how much of the blood?

A

55%

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33
Q

Blood cells/formed elements make up how much of the blood?

A

45%

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34
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

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35
Q

What are the physical or anatomical barriers of the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, urogenital, eyes, and digestive tracts

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36
Q

Outermost layer of skin is composed of epithelial cells compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with _______, few pathogens can penetrate it

A

Keratin

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37
Q

Skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, urogenital, eyes, and digestive tracts

  • Flushing effect of sweat glands
  • Damaged cells are rapidly replaced
  • Mucous coat impedes attachment and entry of bacteria
  • Blinking and tear production
  • Stomach acid
  • Nasal hair traps larger particles
A

First line of defense

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38
Q

What protects the portal of entry?

A

The first line of defense

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39
Q

What are nonspecific chemical defenses?

A
  • Sebaceous secretions
  • Lysozyme
  • High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
  • Skin’s acidic pH
  • Hydrochloric acid in stomach
  • Digestive juices and bile of intestines
  • Semen contains antimicrobial chemical
  • Vagina has acidic pH
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40
Q

Some hosts are ___________ ______ to the diseases of other hosts

A

Genetically immune

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41
Q

Some pathogens have _____ ___________

A

Great specificity

42
Q

Some genetic differences exist in ______________

A

Susceptibility

43
Q

Study of immune system

A

Immunology

44
Q

What are the functions of a health functioning immune system?

A
  1. Surveillance of the body
  2. Recognition of foreign material
  3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
45
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cellls

46
Q

Foreign/doesn’t belong

A

Nonself

47
Q

Does belong

A

Self

48
Q

What is a specific leukocyte?

A

Lymphocyte

49
Q

Molecules or proteins found on the outer layer that are shared with microorganisms/pathogens
- Our bodies recognize them as foreign

A

Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs)

50
Q

Receptors or WBCs for PAMPs

Helps with recognition of infectious agents

A

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

51
Q

Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs
- Mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Reticuloendothelial System (RES)

52
Q

Contains macrophages that are ready to attack infectious agents

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

53
Q

Whole blood consists of:

A

Plasma and formed elements

54
Q

What are blood cells?

A

Formed elements

55
Q

Plasma makes up what % of blood?

A

55%

56
Q

Formed elements/blood cells make up what % of the blood?

A

45%

57
Q

Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in the bone marrow

A

Hemopoiesis

58
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
59
Q

Most common WBC

- First to arrive

A

Neutrophils

60
Q

1-3% of WBCs important for destroying allergy and inflammatory reactions

A

Eosinophils

61
Q

Least common WBC
Make up half a %
Release chemical signals that call in other cells

A

Basophils

62
Q

Found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions

A

Mast cells

63
Q

Involved in specific immunity

A

Lymphocytes

64
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells (humoral immunity)

- T cells (cell-mediated immunity)

65
Q

Activated B cells produce __________

A

Antibodies

66
Q

Activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill _______ cells

A

Foreign

67
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B cells

68
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

69
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

70
Q

Largest of the WBCs

A

Monocytes

71
Q

What are the types of monocytes?

A
  • Macrophages

- Dendritic cells

72
Q

Mature from monocytes phagocytic cells

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

73
Q

Part of formed elements important for clotting

  • Do not have a nucleus
  • Biconcave disc
A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

74
Q

Found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting

- No nucleus

A

Platelets

75
Q

What three things does the Lymphatic System do?

A
  1. Provides an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
  2. Acts as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response
  3. Renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material
76
Q

Formed when blood components move our of blood vessels into extracellular spaces

  • Made up of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins
  • Transports white blood cells, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents
A

Lymph (lymphatic fluid)

77
Q

Blind ended and lead into lymph nodes

- Has thin walls

A

Lymphatic vessels

78
Q

Where B cells mature

A

Bone marrow

79
Q

Where T cells mature

A

Thymus

80
Q

Where lymphocytes mature

A

Primary lymphoid organs

81
Q

Lymphoid organs and tissues can be in what two classifications?

A

Primary and secondary

82
Q

Primary organs where WBCs mature

A

Primary lymphoid organs

83
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Miscellaneous
84
Q
  • Removes pathogens and microbes
  • Filters blood
  • Can do without it as an adult, but not as a child
  • Similar structurally to lymph nodes
A

Spleen

85
Q

Actions of the second line of defense

A
  • Recognition
  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
  • Interferon
  • Complement
86
Q
  • Stimulate an inflammatory response (nonspecific)

- Promote the activity of B and T cells (specific)

A

Toll-like receptors

87
Q

What are the classic signs and symptoms of an inflammatory response?

A
  • Redness
  • Warmth
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Possible loss of function
88
Q

The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

A

Diapedesis

89
Q

Movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

A

Chemotaxis

90
Q

Initiated by pyrogens

A

Fever

91
Q

Pyrogens made by bacteria

- Microphages

A

Exogenous pyrogens

92
Q

Pyrogens made by body

A

Endogenous pyrogens

93
Q

There can be ________ of fever

A

Benefits

94
Q

General activities of phagocytes:

A
  1. To survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead or injured cells
  2. To ingest and eliminate these materials
  3. To extract immunofenic information from foreign matter
95
Q

What are the main types of phagocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils and Eosinophils

2. Macrophages

96
Q

Contain enzymes

A

Lysosome

97
Q

What are small protein produced by certain blood cells and tissue cells

A
  • Interferon alpha
  • Interferon beta
  • Interferon gamma
98
Q

Complement consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy ________ and _______

A

Bacteria and viruses

99
Q

Complement proteins are activated by ________

A

Cleavage (cascade reaction)

100
Q

What are the pathways of a complement protein?

A
  • Classical
  • Lectin pathway
  • Alternative

Micobiology (15 decks)

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