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Micobiology > Chapter 2 - How we See the Invisible World > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - How we See the Invisible World Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 I’s of Culturing Microbes

A
  1. Inoculation
  2. Isolation
  3. Incubation
  4. Inspection
  5. Identification
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2
Q

If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells and has space on a nutrient surface, it will grow into a mound of cells called:

A

A colony

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3
Q

A colony consists of ___ species

A

One

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4
Q

There are _____ isolation techniques

A

Three

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5
Q

Media can be classified according to what three properties

A
  1. Physical state
  2. Chemical composition
  3. Functional type
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6
Q

Broth; does not solidify

A

Liquid

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7
Q

Contains solidifying agent (agar or gelatin)

A

Semisolid

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8
Q

Firm surface for colony formation

  • Contains solidifying agent
  • Liquefiable and nonliquefiable
A

Solid

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9
Q

What are the chemical contents of media?

A
  • Synthetic
  • Complex or nonsynthetic
  • General purpose media
  • Enriched media
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10
Q

Media for special microbial groups:

A
  • Selective media

- Differential media

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11
Q

Temperature-controlled chamber

A

Incubation

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12
Q

Observation; macroscopic and microscopic

  • Pure culture
  • Mixed cultures
  • Contaminated culture
A

Inspection

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13
Q

Macroscopic and microscopic appearance, biochemical tests, genetic characteristics, immunological testing

A

Identification

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14
Q

Potentially hazardous cultures and specimens are usually disposed of in what two ways

A
  1. Steam sterilization

2. Incineration

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15
Q

Key characteristics of a reliable microscope are:

A
  • Magnification

- Resolving power

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16
Q

__________ occurs when light passes from one medium, such as air, to another, such as glass, changing the direction of the light rays.

A

Refraction

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17
Q

Light rays passing from one medium to another may be either _________ or _________

A

Refracted or reflected

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18
Q

Occurs when light passes from one medium, such as air, to another, such as glass, changing the direction of the light rays

A

Refaction

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19
Q

When light passes through a convex lens, it is refracted ______ a focal point on the other side of the lens

A

Toward

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20
Q

The _____ ______ is the distance to the focal point

A

Focal length

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21
Q

Light passing through a concave lens is refracted ____ from a focal point in front of the lens

A

Away

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22
Q

Magnification in most microscopes results from interaction between;

A

Visible light waves and curvature of the lens

23
Q

Angle of light passing through convex surface of glass changes

A

Refraction

24
Q

Depending on the size and curvature of the lens, the image appears ________

A

Enlarged

25
Q

Extent of enlargement

A

Magnification

26
Q

Magnification occurs in what two phases?

A
  • The objective lens forms the magnified . real image

- The real image is projected to the ocular where it is magnified again to form the virtual image

27
Q

The objective lens forms the magnified ____ _____

A

Real image

28
Q

The real image is projected to the ______ where it is magnified again to form the _______ _____

A

Ocular

Virtual image

29
Q

A product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses

A

Total magnification

30
Q

Power of objective x power of ocular =

A

Total magnification

31
Q

Defines the capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects

A

Resolution

32
Q

Resolution defines the capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects. What is this called?

A

Resolving power

33
Q

What is the visible light wavelength?

A

400 nm-750 nm

34
Q

_________ ________ of lens ranges from 0.1 to 1.25

A

Numerical aperture

35
Q

Requires the use of oil to prevent refractive loss of light

A

Oil immersion lens

36
Q

_______ wavelength and ______ numerical aperture will provide better resolution

A

Shorter wavelength and larger

37
Q

What is the oil immersion objectives resolution?

A

0.2 μm

38
Q

What are the variations on the optical microscope?

A
  • Bright-field
  • Dark-field
  • Phase-contrast
39
Q

The differential interference contrast microscope is similar to the phase contrast but has more ___________

A

Refinements

40
Q
  • Modified compound microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter that protects the viewer’s eye
  • Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence
  • Useful in diagnosing infections
A

Fluorescence microscope

41
Q

Forms an image with a beam of electrons that can be made to travel in wavelike patterns when accelerated to high speeds

A

Electron microscope

42
Q

Electron waves are ______ times shorter than the waves of visible light

A

100,000

43
Q

Electrons have tremendous power to resolve minute structures because resolving power is a function of __________

A

Wavelength

44
Q

Oil immersion magnification is between:

A

40X and 2000X

45
Q

Electron microscope magnification is between:

A

5,000X and 1,000,000X

46
Q

Transmit electrons through the specimen. Darker areas represent thicker, denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts

A

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

47
Q

Provide detailed three-dimensional view. Bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it

A

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

48
Q

Preparation of a slide depends on:

A
  1. Condition of specimen
  2. Aims of examiner
  3. Type of microscopy available
49
Q

Allow examination of characteristics of live cells: size, motility, shape, and arrangement

A

Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts

50
Q

Made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts

A

Fixed mounts

51
Q

Dyes create contrast by imparting a color to ____ or ____ _____

A

Cells or cell parts

52
Q

What are the two types of dyes?

A
  1. Basic dyes

2. Acidic dyes

53
Q

What are the two types of stains?

A
  1. Positive staining

1. Negative staining

54
Q

What are the three types of staining?

A
  1. Simple stains
  2. Differential stains
  3. Structural

Micobiology (15 decks)

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