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Micobiology > Chapter 15 - We Are Not Alone > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - We Are Not Alone Flashcards

1
Q

The human body exists in a state of _______ ___________ with microorganisms

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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2
Q

Many interactions between human body and microorganisms involve the development of ________

A

Biofilms

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3
Q

____________ of the body involves a constant “give and take”

A

Colonization

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4
Q

Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations

A

Normal (residential) flora, indigenous flora, microbiota

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5
Q

Causes infection

A

Pathogen

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6
Q

Its in tissues and organs and causes disease

A

Infectious disease

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7
Q

Most areas of the body in contact with the _______ ___________ harbor resident microboes

A

Outside environment

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8
Q

What are microbe-free?

A

Internal organs, tissues, and fluids

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9
Q

Microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

A

Transients (we pick these up)

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10
Q

Microbes that become established

A

Residents (normal flora)

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11
Q

What are the sites that harbor a normal flora?

A
  • Skin and its contiguous mucous membranes
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract (various parts)
  • Outer opening of urethta
  • External genitalia
  • Vagina
  • External ear and canal
  • External eye (lids, lash, follicles)
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12
Q

What are all the internal tissues and organs that are sterile (microbe-free)

A
  • Heart and circulatory system
  • Liver
  • Kidneys and bladder
  • Lungs
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Muscles
  • Bones
  • Ovaries/testes
  • Glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid)
  • Sinuses
  • Middle and inner ear
  • Internal eye
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13
Q

What are the fluids within an organ or tissue that are sterile (microbe-free)

A
  • Blood
  • Urine in kidneys, ureters, bladder
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Saliva prior to entering the oral cavity
  • Semen prior to entering the urethra
  • Amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo and fetus
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14
Q

Bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

A

RESIDENT FLORA
Microbial antagonism
Endogenous infections

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15
Q

______ and contents are normally sterile and remain so until just before birth

A

Uterus

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16
Q

Breaking of fetal membrane exposes the infant; all subsequent handling and feeding continue to introduce what will be ______ _____

A

Normal flora

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17
Q

____ is the largest and most accessible organ

A

Skin

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18
Q

What are two cutaneous populations?

A
  1. Transients

2. Residents

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19
Q

The GI tract is a long hollow tube, bounded by what?

A

Mucous membranes

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20
Q

Variations in flora distribution due to varying conditions like what?

A

pH, oxygen tension, and anatomy

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21
Q

Oral cavity, large intestine, and rectum harbor which flora?

A

Substantial flora

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22
Q

What has the most diverse and unique flora of the body?

A

Mouth

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23
Q

The mouth has numerous adaptive ______

A

Niches

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24
Q

What is the bacterial count of saliva?

A

5x10^(9 cells) per milliliter

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25
Q

Has complex and profound interactions with host

A

Flora of large intestine

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26
Q

10^8-10^11 microbes per gram of feces

A

Large intestine flora

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27
Q

Intestinal environment favors _________ bacteria

A

Anaerobic

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28
Q

Intestinal bacteria contribute to intestinal ____

A

Odor

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29
Q

Oral streptococci are the:

A

First organisms to colonize

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30
Q

Nasal entrance, nasal vestibule, anterior nasopharynx

A

S. aureus

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31
Q

Mucous membranes of nasopharynx

A

Neisseria

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32
Q

Tonsils and lower pharynx

A

Haemophilus

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33
Q

What ate the sites that harbor microflora?

A

Male and female genitourinary tract

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34
Q

Changes in physiology influence the composition of the ______ _____

A

Normal flora

- Vagina (estrogen, glycogen, pH)

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35
Q

Normal flora is essential to the ______ of humans

A

Health

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36
Q

Flora create an environment that may prevent infections and can enhance host ________

A

Defenses

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37
Q

Antibiotics, dietary changes, and disease may:

A

Alter flora

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38
Q

Introducing known microbes back into the body

A

Probiotics

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39
Q

What are the major factors in the development of infection?

A

Portal of entry => Adhesion => Invasion => Multiplication => Infection of target => Disease => Portal of exit

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40
Q

Influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

A

True pathogens

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41
Q

Pseudomonas sp and Candida albicans

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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42
Q

Cause infection in perfectly healthy people

A

True pathogen

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43
Q

Only cause disease when host defenses are down

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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44
Q

More virulent, more pathogenic, refers to the degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

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45
Q

What are factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection?

A
  • Old age and extreme youth (infancy, prematurity)
  • Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
  • Surgery and organ transplants
  • Organic disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
  • Chemotherapy/immunosupressive drugs
  • Physical and mental stress
  • Other infections
  • These conditions compromise defense barriers or immune responses
46
Q

What are the portals of entry?

A
  • Skin
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • Urogenital tract
  • Transplacental
47
Q

Minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed

A

Infectious Dose (ID)

48
Q

Microbes with small IDs have greater _________

49
Q

Lack of ID will not result in _________

50
Q

What are the ways of adhesion? (attaching to the host)

A
  • Fimbrae
  • Flagella
  • Adhesive slimes or capsules
  • Cilia
  • Suckers
  • Hooks
  • Barbs
51
Q

Initial response of host defenses comes from __________

A

Phagocytosis

52
Q

Used to avoid phagocytosis

A

Antiphagocytic factors

53
Q

Species of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus produce ___________, toxic to white blood cells

A

Leukocidins

54
Q

Makes phagocytosis difficult

A

Slime layer or capsule

55
Q

What are factors that cause disease?

A
  • Virulence factors
  • Exoenzymes
  • Toxigenicity
  • Antiphagocytic factors
56
Q

What are the two types of toxigenicity?

A
  • Endotoxin

- Exotoxin

57
Q

Produce inside cells

58
Q

Produce outside cells

59
Q

Possibly toxic, inside bacteria and secreted while still alive

60
Q

Inside bacteria until cells die

61
Q

Strong specificity for a target cell

  • Hemolysis
  • A-B toxins (A-active, B-binding)
62
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

A

Endotoxins

- often toxic

63
Q

Very common products of gram-negative

- Variety of systemic effects (common side effects)

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

64
Q

What are four distinct stages of clinical infections?

A
  • Incubation period
  • Prodromal stage
  • Period of invasion
  • Convalescent period
65
Q

Infection in a specific area

A

Localized infection

66
Q

Infection that can effect the entire body

A

Systemic infection

67
Q

Infection that starts local, but some microbes are able to move and cause an infection somewhere else too

A

Focal infection

68
Q

Infection caused by a mixture of bacteria

A

Mixed infection

69
Q

Infection that can lead to secondary infection

A

Primary infection

70
Q

Infection from primary infection

A

Secondary infection

71
Q

Infection that comes on rapidly and usually goes away quickly - doesn’t last long

A

Acute infection

72
Q

Infection that does not go away

A

Chronic infection

73
Q

What are the earliest symptoms of disease as a result of the activation of the body defenses?

A

Fever, pain, soreness, swelling

74
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A
  • Edema
  • Granulomas and abscesses
  • Lymphadenitis
75
Q

What are the signs of infection in the blood?

A

Changes in the number of circulating white blood cells

  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Septicemia
    • Bacteremia
    • Viremia
76
Q

What does CBC stand for?

A

Complete blood count

77
Q

Although infected, the host doesn’t show any signs of disease

A

Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections

78
Q

__________ _________, so person doesn’t seek medical attention

A

Inapparent infection

79
Q

Pathogens depart by specific avenue; greatly influences the dissemination of _________

80
Q

What are the portals of exit?

A
  • Respiratory-mucus, sputum, nasal drainage, saliva
  • Skin scales
  • Fecal exit
  • Urogenital tract
  • Removal of blood
81
Q

Apparent recovery of host does not always mean the microbe has been _______

82
Q

Damage that has been done to tissues or cells by an infectious agent

83
Q

Primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world

A

Reservior

- Human or animal carrier, soil, water, plants

84
Q

Individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

85
Q

An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

86
Q

A live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

87
Q

The majority of vectors are __________

A

Arthropods

- fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks

88
Q

Some larger animals can also spread _________

A

Infection

- mammals, birds, lower vertebrates

89
Q

Actively participate in a pathogen’s life cycle

A

Biological vectors

90
Q

Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected

A

Mechanical vector

91
Q

If a human has a zoonosis they ____ transmit it to others

92
Q

At least ___ zoonoses exist worldwide; make up 70% of all new emerging diseases worldwide

93
Q

With zoonoses it is impossible to eradicate the disease without eradicating the animal _________

94
Q

What are nonliving reservoirs?

A

Soil, water, and air

95
Q

A highly communicable disease is __________

A

Contagious

96
Q
  • Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora
  • Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservior
A

Non-communicable infectious disease

97
Q

What are the patterns of transmission?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Indirect contact
    • Vehicle
    • Airborne
98
Q

Diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay

  • from surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and exposure to drug-resistant microorganisms
  • 2 to 4 million cases/year in the U.S. with approximately 90,000 death
A

Nosocomial infections

99
Q
  • Most commonly involve urinary tract, respiratory tract, and surgical incisions
  • Most common organisms involved: gram-negative intestinal flora
    • E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
A

Nosocomial infections

100
Q

Stringent measures to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections from patient to patient, from patient to worker, and from worker to patient

A

Universal precautions

101
Q

Universal precautions are based on the assumption that all patient specimens could harbor __________ ______, so they must be treated with the same degree of care

A

Infectious agents

102
Q

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and health-related factors in human populations

A

Epidemology

103
Q

Collecting, analyzing, and reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infections
- Reportable, notifiable diseases must be reported to authorities

A

Surveillance

104
Q

Number of people killed

105
Q

Number of people infected

106
Q

What does CDC stand for?

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

107
Q

Where is the CDC located?

A

Atlanta, GA

108
Q

Principal government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide

109
Q

Spreads to large region

110
Q

Spreads worldwide

Micobiology (15 decks)

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