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Micobiology > Chapter 5 - The History of Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The History of Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes first appeared approximately ___ _______ years ago

A

2 billion

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2
Q

Evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms into eukaryotic organisms occurred via _____________

A

Endosymbiosis

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3
Q

Eukaryotic organelles originated from prokaryotic cells trapped ______ them

A

Inside

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4
Q

Always unicellular

A

Protozoa

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5
Q

May be unicellular or multicellular

A

Fungi or algae

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6
Q

Multicellular except reproductive stages

A

Helminths (animals with unicellular egg or larva forms)

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7
Q

What are the four kingdoms of fungi?

A
  1. Division Zygomycota
  2. DIvision Ascomycota
  3. Division Basidiomycota
  4. Microsporidia
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8
Q

Zygote fungi

A

Division Zygomycota

- Rhizopus

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9
Q

Sac fungi

A

Division Ascomycota

- Morchella, Sacchoromyces, Penecillium

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10
Q

Club fungi

A

Division Basidiomycota

- Coprinus, Agaricus

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11
Q

How many species of fungi are there?

A

100,000

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12
Q

100,000 species of fungi can be divided into what 2 groups?

A
  1. Macroscopic fungi
    - mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
  2. Microscopic fungi
    - molds, yeasts
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13
Q

Majority of fungi are __________ or ________l; a few have cellular specialization

A

Unicellular or colonial

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14
Q

Microscopic fungi exist in what two morphologies?

A

1 Yeast

2. Hyphae

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15
Q

Characterized by its round ovoid shape, mode of asexual reproduction

A

Yeast

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16
Q

Long filamentous fungi or molds

A

Hyphae

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17
Q

Some fungi exist in either form yeast or hyphae

- Characteristic of some pathogenic molds

A

Dimorphic

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18
Q
  • All are heterotrophic
  • Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants and animals
  • Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other organisms, but none are obligate
  • Growth temperature 20o-40oC
  • Extremely widespread distribution in many habitats
A

Fungi

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19
Q

Most grow in loose associations or colonies

A

Fungi

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20
Q

Soft, uniform texture and appearance

A

Yeast

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21
Q

Mass of hyphae called mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

A

Filamentous fungi

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22
Q

Cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

A

Mycelium

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23
Q

Hyphae may be divided by cross walls called:

24
Q

Digest and absorb nutrients

A

Vegetative hyphae

25
Q

Produce spores for reproduction

A

Reproductive hyphae

26
Q

Fungi primarily reproduce through ______formed on reproductive hyphae

27
Q

Spores are formed through budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores

A

Asexual reproduction

28
Q

Spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure
- zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores

A

Sexual reproduction

29
Q

Sexual spores and spore-forming structures are one basis for ______________

A

Classification

30
Q
  • Mycoses, allergies, toxin production

- Destruction of crops and food storages

A

Adverse impact

31
Q
  • Decomposers of dead plants and animals
  • Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
  • Used in making foods and in genetic studies
A

Beneficial impact

32
Q
  • Division Euglenophyta (Euglena)
  • Division Bacillariophyta (the diatoms)
  • Division Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates, Ceratium)
  • Division Chlorphyta (the green algae: Spirogyra, Volvox)
A

Autotrophic Protists: the “Algae”

33
Q
  • Phylum Rhizopoda (Amoeba)
  • Phylum Kinetoplastida (Trypanosoma)
  • Phylum Apicomplexa (Plasmodium)
  • Phylum Ciliata (Paramecium)
A

Heterotrphic Protists: the “Protozoa”

34
Q

Eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a, lack vascular systems for transporting water, simple reproductive systems

35
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry

36
Q
  • Photosynthetic organisms
  • Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous
  • Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular
  • Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments
  • Cell wall
  • May or may not have flagella
37
Q

Most are free-living in fresh and marine water

38
Q
  • Most are free-living in fresh and marine water – plankton
  • Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats
  • Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
  • Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
  • Classified according to types of pigments and cell wall
  • Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products
39
Q
  • Diverse group of 65,000 species
  • Vary in shape, lack a cell wall
  • Most are unicellular; colonies are rare
  • Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat
  • Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors
  • All are heterotrophic – lack chloroplasts
  • Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
40
Q
  • Most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
  • Exist as trophozoite – motile feeding stage
  • Many can enter into a dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding – cyst
  • All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission; many also reproduce sexually – conjugation
41
Q

Primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual reproduction

A

Mastigophora

42
Q

Primarily amoeba; asexual by fission; most are free-living

43
Q

Cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-living, harmless

A

Ciliophora

44
Q

Motility is absent except male gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle – all parasitic

A

Apicomplexa

45
Q

Classification of protozoa is difficult because of _________

46
Q

Simple grouping of protozoa is based on method of ________, ____________, and ____ _____

A

Motility, reproduction, and life cycle

47
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosomes

48
Q

T. brucei

A

African sleeping sickness

49
Q

T. cruzi

A

Chaga’s disease; South America

50
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

amebic dysentery; worldwide

51
Q
  • Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection
  • Parasitize host tissues
  • Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
  • Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm
  • Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body
A

Parasitic Helminths

52
Q

Flat, no definite body cavity, digestive tract, simple excretory and nervous systems

53
Q

Round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous systems poorly developed

A

Roundworms

54
Q
  • Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food; from soil or water; insect vectors
  • Affect billions of humans
55
Q

Approximately 50 species parasitize humans

A

Parasitic Worms

56
Q

Distributed worldwide; some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in tropics

A

Parasitic Worms

57
Q
  • Classify according to shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae
  • Identify by microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae, or eggs

Micobiology (15 decks)

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