Chapter 5 - The History of Eukaryotes

Question 1

Eukaryotes first appeared approximately ___ _______ years ago

Answer 1

2 billion

Question 2

Evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms into eukaryotic organisms occurred via _____________

Answer 2

Endosymbiosis

Question 3

Eukaryotic organelles originated from prokaryotic cells trapped ______ them

Answer 3

Inside

Question 4

Always unicellular

Answer 4

Protozoa

Question 5

May be unicellular or multicellular

Answer 5

Fungi or algae

Question 6

Multicellular except reproductive stages

Answer 6

Helminths (animals with unicellular egg or larva forms)

Question 7

What are the four kingdoms of fungi?

Answer 7

1. Division Zygomycota
2. DIvision Ascomycota
3. Division Basidiomycota
4. Microsporidia

Question 8

Zygote fungi

Answer 8

Division Zygomycota

- Rhizopus

Question 9

Sac fungi

Answer 9

Division Ascomycota

- Morchella, Sacchoromyces, Penecillium

Question 10

Club fungi

Answer 10

Division Basidiomycota

- Coprinus, Agaricus

Question 11

How many species of fungi are there?

Answer 11

100,000

Question 12

100,000 species of fungi can be divided into what 2 groups?

Answer 12

1. Macroscopic fungi
   - mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
2. Microscopic fungi
   - molds, yeasts

Question 13

Majority of fungi are __________ or ________l; a few have cellular specialization

Answer 13

Unicellular or colonial

Question 14

Microscopic fungi exist in what two morphologies?

Answer 14

1 Yeast

2. Hyphae

Question 15

Characterized by its round ovoid shape, mode of asexual reproduction

Answer 15

Yeast

Question 16

Long filamentous fungi or molds

Answer 16

Hyphae

Question 17

Some fungi exist in either form yeast or hyphae

- Characteristic of some pathogenic molds

Answer 17

Dimorphic

Question 18

• All are heterotrophic
• Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants and animals
• Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other organisms, but none are obligate
• Growth temperature 20o-40oC
• Extremely widespread distribution in many habitats

Answer 18

Fungi

Question 19

Most grow in loose associations or colonies

Answer 19

Fungi

Question 20

Soft, uniform texture and appearance

Answer 20

Yeast

Question 21

Mass of hyphae called mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

Answer 21

Filamentous fungi

Question 22

Cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

Answer 22

Mycelium

Question 23

Hyphae may be divided by cross walls called:

Answer 23

Septate

Question 24

Digest and absorb nutrients

Answer 24

Vegetative hyphae

Question 25

Produce spores for reproduction

Answer 25

Reproductive hyphae

Question 26

Fungi primarily reproduce through ______formed on reproductive hyphae

Answer 26

Spores

Question 27

Spores are formed through budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores

Answer 27

Asexual reproduction

Question 28

Spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure - zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores

Answer 28

Sexual reproduction

Question 29

Sexual spores and spore-forming structures are one basis for ______________

Answer 29

Classification

Question 30

- Mycoses, allergies, toxin production | - Destruction of crops and food storages

Answer 30

Adverse impact

Question 31

- Decomposers of dead plants and animals - Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins - Used in making foods and in genetic studies

Answer 31

Beneficial impact

Question 32

- Division Euglenophyta (Euglena) - Division Bacillariophyta (the diatoms) - Division Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates, Ceratium) - Division Chlorphyta (the green algae: Spirogyra, Volvox)

Answer 32

Autotrophic Protists: the “Algae”

Question 33

- Phylum Rhizopoda (Amoeba) - Phylum Kinetoplastida (Trypanosoma) - Phylum Apicomplexa (Plasmodium) - Phylum Ciliata (Paramecium)

Answer 33

Heterotrphic Protists: the “Protozoa”

Question 34

Eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a, lack vascular systems for transporting water, simple reproductive systems

Answer 34

Algae

Question 35

Unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry

Answer 35

Protozoa

Question 36

- Photosynthetic organisms - Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous - Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular - Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments - Cell wall - May or may not have flagella

Answer 36

Algae

Question 37

Most are free-living in fresh and marine water

Answer 37

Plankton

Question 38

- Most are free-living in fresh and marine water – plankton - Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats - Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2 - Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms - Classified according to types of pigments and cell wall - Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products

Answer 38

Algae

Question 39

- Diverse group of 65,000 species - Vary in shape, lack a cell wall - Most are unicellular; colonies are rare - Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat - Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors - All are heterotrophic – lack chloroplasts - Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm

Answer 39

Protozoa

Question 40

- Most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods - Exist as trophozoite – motile feeding stage - Many can enter into a dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding – cyst - All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission; many also reproduce sexually – conjugation

Answer 40

Protozoa

Question 41

Primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual reproduction

Answer 41

Mastigophora

Question 42

Primarily amoeba; asexual by fission; most are free-living

Answer 42

Sarcodina

Question 43

Cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-living, harmless

Answer 43

Ciliophora

Question 44

Motility is absent except male gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle – all parasitic

Answer 44

Apicomplexa

Question 45

Classification of protozoa is difficult because of _________

Answer 45

Diversity

Question 46

Simple grouping of protozoa is based on method of ________, ____________, and ____ _____

Answer 46

Motility, reproduction, and life cycle

Question 47

Trypanosoma

Answer 47

Trypanosomes

Question 48

T. brucei

Answer 48

African sleeping sickness

Question 49

T. cruzi

Answer 49

Chaga’s disease; South America

Question 50

Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 50

amebic dysentery; worldwide

Question 51

- Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection - Parasitize host tissues - Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues - Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm - Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body

Answer 51

Parasitic Helminths

Question 52

Flat, no definite body cavity, digestive tract, simple excretory and nervous systems

Answer 52

Flatworms

Question 53

Round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous systems poorly developed

Answer 53

Roundworms

Question 54

- Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food; from soil or water; insect vectors - Affect billions of humans

Answer 54

Helminths

Question 55

Approximately 50 species parasitize humans

Answer 55

Parasitic Worms

Question 56

Distributed worldwide; some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in tropics

Answer 56

Parasitic Worms

Question 57

- Classify according to shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae - Identify by microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae, or eggs

Answer 57

Helminth