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Micobiology > Chapter 3 - The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Three theories

A
  1. Spontaneous Generation
  2. Cell Theory
  3. Endosymbiosis
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2
Q

All living things (single and multi-cellular) are made of cells that share some common characteristics. What are those characteristics?

A
  • Basic shape
  • Internal content
  • DNA chromosome(s), ribosomes, metabolic capabilities
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3
Q

What are the two basic cell types?

A

Eukarotic and prokaryotic

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4
Q
  • Contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and perform specific functions
  • Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes
A

Eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic cells

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A
  • Reproduction and heredity
  • Growth and development
  • Metabolism
  • Movement and/or irritability
  • Cell support, protection, and storage mechanisms
  • Transport of nutrients and waste
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7
Q

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution. There is no net movement or water particles, and the overall concentration on both sides of the cell membrane remains constant

A

Isotonic solution

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8
Q

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution. Water particles will move out of the cell, causing crenation

A

Hypertonic solution

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9
Q

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution. Water particles will move into the cell, causing the cell to expand and eventually lyse

A

Hypotonic solution

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10
Q

In cells that lack a cell wall, changes in _______ pressure can lead to crenation in hypertonic environments or cell lysis in hypotonic environments

A

Osmotic

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11
Q

Bacteria vary in shape, size, and arrangement but typically described by one of three basic shapes. What are those three?

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Spirillum
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12
Q

Arrangement of cells is dependent on pattern of ________ and how cells remain attached after division

A

Division

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13
Q
  • Singles
  • Diplococci – in pairs
  • Tetrads – groups of four
  • Irregular clusters
  • Chains
  • Cubical packets (sarcina)
A

Cocci

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14
Q
  • Diplobacilli
  • Chains
  • Palisades
A

Bacilli

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15
Q

What are the two major groups of appendages?

A
  1. Motility – flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)
  2. Attachment or channels – fimbriae and pili
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16
Q

Surface coating

A

Glycocalyx

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17
Q

What are the three parts of flagella?

A
  1. Filament
  2. Hook
  3. Basal body
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18
Q

What are the flagellar arrangements?

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Lophotrichous
  3. Amphitrichous
  4. Peritrichous
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19
Q

Guide bacteria in a direction in response to external stimulus

A

Flagellar responses

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20
Q

Chemotaxis; positive and negative

A

Chemical stimuli

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21
Q

Phototaxis

A

Light stimuli

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22
Q

Signal sets flagella into rotary motion _________ or ________________

A

Clockwise or counterclockwise

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23
Q

Results in smooth linear direction – run

A

Counterclockwise

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24
Q

Tumbles

A

Clockwise

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25
Q

Internal flagella, enclosed in the space between the _____ ______ and the ____ ____ _____________

A

Outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan

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26
Q

Periplasmic flagella produce cellular motility by contracting and imparting ________ or _______ motion

A

Twisting or flexing

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27
Q

Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface

A

Fimbriae

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28
Q

Function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

A

Fimbriae

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29
Q
  • Rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
  • Found only in gram-negative cells
  • Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation
A

Pili

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30
Q

Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins

A

Glycocalyx

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31
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Slime laayer

2. Capsule

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32
Q

What are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A
  • Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
  • Inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity
  • Attachment - formation of biofilms
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33
Q

External covering outside the cytoplasm

A

The cell envelope

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34
Q

The cell envelope is composed of what two basic layers?

A

Cell wall and cell membrane

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35
Q

Maintains cell integrity

A

The cell envelope

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36
Q

Determines cell shape, prevents lysis (bursting) or collapsing due to changing osmotic pressures

A

Cell wall

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37
Q

What is the primary component of the cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

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38
Q

Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments

A

Peptidoglycan

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39
Q
  • Thick, homogeneous sheath of peptidoglycan
  • 20-80 nm thick
  • Includes teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid: function in cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division; move cations across the cell envelope; stimulate a specific immune response
  • Some cells have a periplasmic space, between the cell membrane and cell wall
A

Gram-positive cell wall

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40
Q
  • Composed of an outer membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer
  • Outer membrane is similar to cell membrane bilayer structure
    -Outermost layer contains
    lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins
    (LPS)
    - Lipid portion (endotoxin) may become
    toxic when released during infections
    - May function as receptors and
    blocking immune response
    - Contain porin proteins in upper layer
    – regulate molecules entering and
    leaving cell
    • Bottom layer is a thin sheet of
      peptidoglycan
      • Periplasmic space above and below
        peptidoglycan
A

Gram-negative cell wall

41
Q

What are the two different groups of bacteria demonstrated by Gram stain?

A
  1. Gram-positive bacteria

2. Gram-negative bacteria

42
Q

Thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane

A

Gram-positive bacteria

43
Q

Outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane

A

Gram-negative bacteria

44
Q

Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall

A

The Gram stain

45
Q

Retain crystal violet and stain purple

A

Gram-positive

46
Q

Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain

A

Gram-negative

47
Q

Important basis of bacterial classification and identification

A

The Gram stain

48
Q

Practical aid in diagnosing infection and guiding drug treatment

A

The Gram stain

49
Q

In ____________, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and pinches off to form an intracellular vacuole.

A

Phagocytosis

50
Q

In ___________, the cell membrane surrounds a small volume of fluid and pinches off, forming a vesicle

A

Pinocytosis

51
Q

In receptor-mediated ___________, the uptake of substances is targeted to a specific substance (a ligand) that binds at the receptor on the external cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

52
Q
  • Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts
  • 70-80% water
  • Serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions
A

Cell cytoplasm

53
Q
  • Single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
  • Aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid
  • DNA is tightly coiled
A

Bacterial Chromosome

54
Q
  • Small circular, double-stranded DNA
  • Free or integrated into the chromosome
  • Duplicated and passed on to offspring
  • Not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism
  • May encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes, and toxins
  • Used in genetic engineering
A

Plasmids

55
Q
  • Made of 60% ribosomal RNA and 40% protein
  • Consist of two subunits
  • Prokaryotic differ from eukaryotic ribosomes in size and number of proteins
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Present in all cells
A

Ribosomes

56
Q
  • Intracellular storage bodies
  • Vary in size, number, and content
  • Bacterial cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted
  • Examples: glycogen, poly b-hydroxybutyrate, gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and phosphate granules (metachromatic granules), particles of iron oxide
A

Inclusions and granules

57
Q

Many bacteria possess an internal network of protein polymers that is closely associated with the cell wall. What is this called?

A

Cytoskeleton

58
Q

Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera

A

Endospores

59
Q

What are some examples of gram positive endospores?

A

Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina

60
Q

What have a 2-phase life cycle?

A
  • Vegetative cell

- Endospore

61
Q
  • Resistance linked to high levels of calcium and dipicolinic acid
  • Dehydrated, metabolically inactive
  • Thick coat
  • Longevity verges on immortality, 250 million years
  • Resistant to ordinary cleaning methods and boiling
  • Pressurized steam at 120oC for 20-30 minutes will destroy
A

Endospores

62
Q
  • Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
  • Covered by an extension of the cell membrane
  • 10X thicker than prokaryotic flagella
  • Function in motility
A

Flagella

63
Q

What are the locomotor appendages?

A

Flagella and cilia

64
Q
  • Similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous
  • Found only on certain
    protozoa and some animal cells
  • Function in motility, feeding, and filtering
A

Cilia

65
Q
  • An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment
  • Usually composed of polysaccharides
  • Appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule
  • Functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception
A

Glycocalyx

external structure

66
Q

Beneath the glycocalyx

A
  • Fungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall

- Protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall and have only a membrane

67
Q

Rigid, provides structural support and shape

A

Cell wall

68
Q

Thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of mixed glycans

A

Cell wall in fungi

69
Q

varies in chemical composition; substances commonly found include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate

A

Cell wall in algae

70
Q
  • Typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
  • Sterols confer stability
  • Serves as selectively permeable barrier in transport
A

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

71
Q

Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles that account for _____ of their volume

A

60-80%

72
Q
  • Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from Golgi apparatus
  • Involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microbes
  • Participate in digestion
A

Lysosomes

73
Q

Membrane bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

A

Vacuoles

74
Q

Vacuole merged with a lysosome

A

Phagosome

75
Q

More water outside the cell =

A
  • Hypertonic environment
  • Hypotonic cell
  • Would move out of cell and cause cell to shrink/crenate
76
Q

More water inside the cell =

A
  • Hypotonic environment
  • Hypertonic solution
  • Would move into cell and cause cell to swell/lyse
77
Q

Baceteria reproduces asexually through _______ ______

A

Binary fision

78
Q

Bacterial reproduces sexually through ___________

A

Conjugation

79
Q

Fimbriae are _______ than flagellla

A

Smaller

80
Q

Capsule makes it more __________

A

Pathogenic

81
Q

Capsule is _______ than slime layer

A

Thicker

82
Q

Nearly all bacteria have a ____ ________

A

Cell envelope

83
Q

Peptides are _______ molecules

A

Protein

84
Q

What makes up the cell envelope of a Gram-positive bacteria?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Periplasmic space
  • Cell membrane
85
Q

What makes up the cell envelope of a Gram-negative bacteria?

A
  • Cell membrane ——-\\\\
  • Periplasmic space —– cell wall
  • Cell wall —————–/////////
  • Periplasmic space
  • Cell membrane
  • Still just two layers
86
Q

Mycolic acid makes the cell more _________

A

Pathogenic

87
Q

Requires energy

- Moves things against concentration gradient

A

Active transport

88
Q

Bulk transoprt

A

Endocytosis

89
Q

Dense area in cell

A

Nucleoid

90
Q

Ribosomes are present in all _________ cells

A

Bacterial

91
Q

Actin filaments are made of _____ _______

A

Actin protein

92
Q

Centrioles take part in what?

A

Cell division

93
Q

Contains chromosomes

A

Nucleus

94
Q

Attached to nucleus

- Continuous with the end of the ER

A

Nuclear envelope

95
Q

Protein synthesis occurs where?

A

Rough ER

96
Q

where does lipid synthesis occur?

A

Smooth ER

97
Q

Ribososmes

A

Protein synthesis

98
Q

Exiting cell

A

Exocytosis

99
Q

Similar t cytoplasm

A

Stroma

Micobiology (15 decks)

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