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Micobiology > Chapter 1 - The Invisible World > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Invisible World Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen?

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Microorganisms include:

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths (worms)
  • Algae
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3
Q

Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about ___ _______ _____

A

3.5 billion years

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4
Q

Simple cells

A

Prokaryotes (pre-nucleus)

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5
Q

Complex cells

A

Eukaryotes (true nucleus)

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6
Q

What are the two cell lines?

A
  1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Unicellular (microscopic) and milticelluar, nucleus and membrane-bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Avascular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

A

Viruses

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10
Q

What makes RNA?

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

What makes proteins?

A

Rough ER

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12
Q

What makes lipids?

A

Smooth ER

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13
Q

The flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystems

A

Photosynthesis and decomposition

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14
Q

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

A

Decomposition

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16
Q

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

A

Biotechnology

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17
Q

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

A

Genetic engineering

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18
Q

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

A

Bioremediation

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19
Q

Majority of microorganisms live a free existence, are relatively ________ and often _________

A

Harmless and often beneficial

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20
Q

Many microorganisms have close associations with other _________

A

Organisms

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21
Q

Microorganisms that do harm

A

Pathogens

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22
Q

Nearly _____ different microbes cause diseases

A

2,000

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23
Q

There are __ _______ new infections/year worldwide

A

10 billion

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24
Q

There are __ _______ deaths from infections/year worldwide

A

13 million

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25
Q

There are _________ of microbioligists

A

Thousansds

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26
Q

Prominent discoveries include:

A
  • Microscopy
  • Scientific method
  • Development of medical microbiology
  • Microbiology techniques
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27
Q

An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc.)

A

Spontaneous Generation

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28
Q

Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the

A

Theory of Biogenesis

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29
Q

the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

A

Theory of Biogenesis

30
Q
  • Dutch linen merchant
  • First to observe living microbes
  • Single-lens magnified up to 300X
A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

31
Q

Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon

A

Scientific Method

32
Q

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Make observation
  2. Form hypothesis
  3. Run experiments
  4. Analyze data
  5. Draw conclusion
33
Q

What word are you never supposed to use with the hypothesis?

A

Prove

34
Q

A tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted

A

Hypothesis

35
Q

Deductive approach “If…, then….”

A

Hypothesis

36
Q

A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testing either ________ or _______ the hypothesis

A

Supports or refutes

37
Q

If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a

A

Theory

38
Q

If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a

A

Law or principle

39
Q

Results must be _________ and ________ by other investigators

A

Published and repested

40
Q

Early experiments led to the realization that microbes are __________

A

Everywhere

41
Q

Resulted in the use of sterile, aseptic, and pure culture techniques

A

Germ theory of disease

42
Q

Cleans using 15 ppsi and 121 degrees Celsius

- Steam

A

Autoclave

43
Q

Cleans by burning

A

Incineraton

44
Q

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each demonstrated the presence of ____ resistant forms of some microbes

A

Heat

45
Q

Cohn determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial

A

Endospores

46
Q

Requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.

A

Sterility

47
Q

The human body is a source of _________

A

Infection

48
Q

Observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals

A

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

49
Q

Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

A

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

50
Q

Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

A

Joseph Lister

51
Q
  • Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery
  • Use of heat for sterilization
A

Reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

52
Q

Many diseases are caused by the growth of ________ in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. The germ theory of disease helped support this

A

Microbes

53
Q

Two major contributors to the germ theory of disease:

A

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

54
Q
  • Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
  • Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms
  • Developed pasteurization
  • Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease
A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

55
Q
  • Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory
  • Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera
  • Developed pure culture methods
A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

56
Q

A sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory

A

Koch’s postulates

57
Q

Organizing, classifying, and naming living things

A

Taxonomy

58
Q

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups

A

Classification

59
Q

Assigning names

A

Nomenclature

60
Q

Determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes

A

Identification

61
Q

What are the levels of classification

A
  • Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum or Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
62
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Eukarya
63
Q

Capitalized

A

Genus

64
Q

Lowercase

A

Species

65
Q

Italicized or underlined

A

Genus and species

66
Q

Inspiration for names is extremely varied and often ___________

A

Imaginative

67
Q

Natural relatedness between groups of organisms

A

Phylogeny

68
Q
  • All new species originate from preexisting species

- Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms

A

Evolution

69
Q

Evolution usually progresses toward _______ __________

A

Greater complexity

70
Q

True bacteria

A

Bacteria

71
Q

Odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.

A

Archaea

72
Q

Have a nucleus and organelles

A

Eukarya

Micobiology (15 decks)

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