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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are joints?

A

where two bones meet

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2
Q

where is the only point that bones can move?

A

at joints

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3
Q

what is the function of joints?

A

allow mobility while preserving bone strength

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4
Q

the amount of movement in a bone is determined by

A

the anatomical structure

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5
Q

in what two ways are joints classed?

A
  1. functionally by the ROM

2. structurally by anatomical organization

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6
Q

describe the movement and strength of synarthrosis joints

A

no movement, very strong

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7
Q

describe the movement, strength, and structure of amphiarthrosis joints

A

little movement, middle strength, articulating bones connected by collagen fibers or cartilage

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8
Q

describe the movement and strength of diarthrosis joints

A

freely movable, weak

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9
Q

what are the 4 structural classes of joints?

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. bony
  4. synovial
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10
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. suture
  2. gomphosis
  3. syndesmosis
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11
Q

describe the structure and location of suture joints. What ROM?

A

synarthrotic joint connected by dense fibrous connective tissue, located between bones of skull. No ROM

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12
Q

describe the structure and location of gomphosis joints. What ROM?

A

synarthrotic joints binding teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible. No ROM

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13
Q

describe the structure and location of syndesmosis joints. What ROM?

A

amphiarthotic joint with bones connected by a ligament, distal joint between tibia and fibula and radius and ulna. Little ROM

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14
Q

describe the structure and location of synchondrosis joints

A

synarthrotic joint formed by rigid cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. Between ends of first pair of ribs and sternum. No ROM

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15
Q

describe the structure and location of synostosis joints. What ROM?

A

synarthrotic joint, totally rigid (bony), immovable. Formed when bones fuse; frontal suture, epiphyseal lines. No ROM

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. synchondrosis

2. symphysis

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17
Q

what is the only type of bony joint?

A

synostosis

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18
Q

what is the structure and location of symphasis joints? ROM?

A

bones held together by cartilage, between pubic bones, little movement

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19
Q

what is the structure and location of synovial joints? ROM?

A

diarthrotic joint located at ends of long bones. Full ROM

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20
Q

what are the four components of a synovial joint?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. joint capsule
  3. synovial membrane
  4. joint cavity
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21
Q

describe the structure and fuction of the articular cartilage in synovial joint

A

covers bone ends, structure like hyaline cartilage with no perichondrium and its matrix contains more water

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22
Q

describe the structure and function of the joint capsule in synovial joint

A

sac enclosing ends of bones, reinforced by tendons and ligaments, continous with the periosteum of two bones.
Adds strength and mobility

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23
Q

describe the structure and function of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint

A

lines internal joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity. Lubricates, cushions, prevents abrasion, and suports chondrocytes

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24
Q

describe the structure of synovial fluid

A

clear, straw coloured, viscous due to hyaluronic acid (like raw egg whites)

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25
Q

how does the synovial fluid reach the cartilage?

A

produced by synovial membrane, moves from aereolar tissue to joint cavity, percolates through articular cartilage

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26
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the synovial fluid?

A
  1. lubrication
  2. nutrition distribution
  3. shock absorption
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27
Q

describe the lubriacation function of synovial fluid

A

under compression, fluid squeezes out of cartilage into joint cavity to reduce friction between bones

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28
Q

describe the nutrition distribuation function of synovial fluid

A

fluid circulates constantly, providing nutrients and removing wastes

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29
Q

what assists in circulation of synovial fluid?

A

compression and expansion of articular cartilage

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30
Q

desrcibe how synovial fluid assists in shock

absorption

A

viscosity increases with increased pressure

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31
Q

what is the function of the accessory structures supporting the knee?

A

provide support an additional stability

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32
Q

what are the 5 accessory structures supporting the knee joint?

A
  1. quadriceps muscle
  2. bursa
  3. fat pads
  4. meniscus
  5. accessory ligaments
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33
Q

how does the qudriceps muscle support the knee?

A

limits ROM and provides mechanical support

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34
Q

what is the bursa and how does it support the knee joint?

A

small, thin, fluid-filled pocket of synovial fluid, lined with synovial membrane that reduces friction and acts as shock absorber

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35
Q

where does the bursa form?

A

in connective tissue outside a joint capsule

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36
Q

what are fat pads, and how do they support the knee joint?

A

localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. Protect artcular cartilage and fill in spaces created as joint moves and cavity changes shape

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37
Q

where are fat pads located relative to a joint?

A

superficial to joint capsule

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38
Q

what is the meniscus and how does it support the knee joint?

A

pad of fibrocartilage between opposing bones in synovial joint. May subdivide synovial cavity or channel synovial fluid flow. It allows variations in shapes of the articular surfaces

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39
Q

what type of ligaments support the knee joint?

A

extrinsic ligaments (separate from capsule).

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40
Q

what two extrinsic ligaments support the knee? How do they support the joint?

A
  1. patellar
  2. cruciate
    support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints
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41
Q

greater ROM means ____ joints

A

weaker

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42
Q

another word for dislocation

A

luxarion

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43
Q

what is dislocation or luxation?

A

movement beyond normal ROM

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44
Q

what happens to a joint that is dislocated?

A

articulating surfaces forced out of position, damaging surface of joints

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45
Q

where does joint pain come from?

A

nerves monitoring capsule and surrounding tissue

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46
Q

are their pain receptors in the joint capsule?

A

no

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47
Q

flexion and extension refer to movement at what joints?

A

hinge joints of long bones

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48
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle of joint

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49
Q

extension

A

increases the angle of a joint

50
Q

hypertension

A

extension past anatomical position

51
Q

abduction and adduction refer to the movements of the

A

appendicular skeleton

52
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline of the body

53
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the midline of the body

54
Q

describe the strength and ROM of the joints in the axial skeleton

A

strong, no to little movement

55
Q

give 2 examples of joints in the axial skeleton

A
  1. atlanto-occipital joint between the atlas and occipital bone
  2. atlanto-axial joint between C1 and C2
56
Q

describe the strength and ROM of the joints in the appendicular skeleton

A

extensive ROM, often weaker than those of axial skeleton

57
Q

what are the synchondroses of the vertebral column?

A

intervertebral joints, forming intervertebral disks

58
Q

intervertebral disks account for how much of the vertebral column?

A

1/4

59
Q

what causes the vertebral column to shrink with age?

A

water content decreases

60
Q

what is another implication of water content decreasing in vertbral disks?

A

reduced cushioning, increased risk for injury

61
Q

what are intervertebral disk diseases (IVDD)?

A

bulging disk and herniated disk

62
Q

what causes bulging disk IVDD?

A

weakened posterior longitudinal ligamnets causes tough outer layer of cartilage to bulge out laterally

63
Q

what happens in herniated disk IVDD?

A

nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus and protrudes into vertebral canal

64
Q

what happens to the spinal nerves in herniated disk IVDD?

A

they compress and can become numb on one side

65
Q

what is osteopenia?

A

inadequate ossification leading to loss of bone mass, which may lead to osteoporosis

66
Q

when does osteopenia typically set in?

A

30-40 years old

67
Q

which sex does osteopenia typically affect more severely?

A

female

68
Q

what causes osteopenia

A
  1. lack of estrogen
  2. lack of exercise
  3. excessive alcohol consumption
  4. smoking
  5. medications
  6. radiation
69
Q

what two causes of osteopenia have a synergistic effect?

A

excessive drinking and smoking

70
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

bone loss suffiecient enough to affect normal function

71
Q

what are the causes of osteoporosis?

A
  1. low estrogen
  2. diet
  3. alcoholism
  4. anorexis
  5. kidney disease
  6. medications
  7. lack of exercise
  8. smoking
72
Q

on average, how much do people shrink per decade after 40?

A

quarter to a third of an inch

73
Q

which joint in the body has the greatest ROM?

A

shoulder joint

74
Q

what is another name for the shoulder joint

A

glenohumoral joint

75
Q

what joint in the body is the most frequently dislocated?

A

shoulder/glenohumoral joint

76
Q

what joints are ball-and-socket diarthrosis type?

A
  1. shoulder (head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula)

2. Hip (head of femur and fossa of acetabulum)

77
Q

the ball-and-socket joint of glenohumoral joint is stabalized by

A

5 major ligaments, surrounding muscles, and associated tendons

78
Q

what is the role of the bursae in the shoulder joint?

A

reduce friction by surrounding tendon of the biceps brachii as it passes through the articular capsule

79
Q

ball-and-socket joints permit what types of movement?

A

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation

80
Q

how is the head of the femur attached to the acetabulum?

A

acetabular labrum

81
Q

what is the acetabular labrum? Function?

A

Rim of fibrocartilage that increases depth of joint cavity and helps seal in synovial fluid

82
Q

what is the function of the articular capsule of the hip?

A

encloses head and neck of femur

83
Q

what reinforces the articular capsule of the hip?

A

5 ligamnets

84
Q

the elbow joint is a _____ joint involving the ___, ____, and _____

A

complex hinge joint, involving radius, ulna, and humerus

85
Q

2 reasons why the elbow joint is extremely stable

A
  1. bony surfaces of hemerus and ulna interlock

2. strong ligaments reinforce the articular capsule

86
Q

what is the largest and strongest articulation in the body?

A

humero-ulnar joint

87
Q

how does the humero-ulnar joint work?

A

like a door hige

88
Q

the ____ of the humerus articulates with the ___ of the ulna

A

trochlea of humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

89
Q

what determine the plane of movement in the humero-ulnar joint?

A

shape of the trochlear notch

90
Q

what limits the degree of extension in the humero-ulnar joint?

A

shapes of the olecranon fossa and olecranon

91
Q

the knee contains 3 separate articulations, where are they located?

A

2 between the femur and tibia and 1 between the patella and patellar surface of the femur

92
Q

what are the two knee articulations between the femur and tibia?

A
  1. medial condyle of tibia to medial condyle of femur

2. lateral condyle of tibia to lateral condyle of femur

93
Q

what is the functions of the 3 knee articulations?

A

flexion, extension, very limited rotation

94
Q

what bone is not part of the knee joint

A

fibula

95
Q

what provides laterla support to the knee joint?

A

fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament/LCL)

96
Q

the quadriceps muscle continues as ___ to ___

A

patellar ligament; anterior tibial surface

97
Q

what provides medial support to the knee joint?

A

tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament/MCL)

98
Q

what are the popliteal ligaments. What is their function?

A

ligaments that run between femur and heads of tibia and fibula. Support knee

99
Q

what are the medial and lateral menisci? Location and function?

A

pair of fibrocartilage pads between femoral and tibial surfaces. Act as cushions and provide lateral stability to knee

100
Q

what is the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

ACL. Responsible for locking and unlocking knee

101
Q

how is the ACL involved in movement of knee?

A

at full extension, slight lateral rotation of tibia tightens ACL and forces lateral meniscus between tibia and femur

102
Q

rheumatism

A

general term indicating pain and stiffness in bones/muscles

103
Q

what is arthritis?

A

all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

104
Q

arthritis always involves

A

damage to articular cartilage

105
Q

what are the 3 types of arthritis?

A
  1. osteoarthritis
  2. rheumatoid arthritis
  3. gouty arthritis
106
Q

what are 2 other names for osteoarthritis?

A

degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease

107
Q

what is the most common form of arthritis?

A

osteoarthritis

108
Q

what age individuals are most affected by osteoarthritis?

A

over 60

109
Q

osteoarthritis affects what % of men/women over 60?

A

15% men and 25% women

110
Q

what are the causes of osteoarthritis?

A

cumulative wear and tear on joints and genetic factors affecting collagen formation

111
Q

what does normal articular cartilage look like?

A

smooth slick surface, thick with homogeneous matrix

112
Q

what does articular cartilage look like after it has been damaged by osteoarthritis?

A

rough, bristly collagen fibres on the surface

113
Q

what is the effect of rough collagen fibre on the surface of articular cartilage?

A

increases friction and inflammation, can cause further degeneration

114
Q

what is an arthroscope? Function?

A

narrow, flexible fiberoptic tube with tiny camera that allows exploration of joint without major surgery.

115
Q

what is arthroscopic surgery?

A

use of arthroscope and other small flexible tools to conduct surgery with only small incisions

116
Q

what is MRI and its function?

A

magnetic resonance imaging. Allows visualization of soft tissue outside joint cavity, not visible with arthroscope

117
Q

what are 2 benefits of MRI?

A

cost-effective and noninvasive

118
Q

what are the benefits of artificial joints?

A

can restore mobility and relieve pain

119
Q

what are the pitfalls of artificial joints?

A

cannot perform high-impact activities, only last about 15 years and can’t really be replaced

120
Q

what is the best primary method of treatment for joint problems?

A

keep moving! It will squeeze fluid out of cartilage to lubricate the joint

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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