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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 15: The Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

equilibrium and hearing receptors are located in ___

A

internal ear

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2
Q

hearing information is integrated and organized ___ and sent to __

A

in inner ear; CNS

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3
Q

hair cells are ___ in the inner ear

A

sensory receptors

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4
Q

structure of hair cells

A

free surfaces covered with specialized nonmotile processes

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of processes on hair cells?

A
  1. stereocilia

2. kinocilium

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6
Q

stereocilia

A

resemble long microvili

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7
Q

kinocilium

A

single large cilium

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8
Q

hair cells are what type of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

external force pushing on hair cells distorts plasma membrane and alters ___

A

neurotransmitter release

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10
Q

distortion of hair cells is monitored by ___

A

dendrites of sensory neurons

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11
Q

the distortion of hair cells provides information about ___ and __ of the stimulus

A

direction / strength

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12
Q

function of outer ear

A

collects / directs sound waves towards middle ear

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13
Q

what is the auricle?

A

elastic cartilage

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14
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus?

A

passageway in temporal bone

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15
Q

ceruminous glands secrete ___

A

waxy cerumen

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16
Q

function of waxy cerumen

A

keeps foreign objects out and slows growth of microorganisms

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17
Q

function of hairs in ears

A

trap debris

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18
Q

the middle ear is also called the ___

A

tympanic cavity

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19
Q

what is the middle ear?

A

air-filled chamber from tympanic membrane to auditory ossicles

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20
Q

the middle ear connects to pharynx by __

A

auditory tube

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21
Q

what is he tympanic membrane?

A

thin sheet that separates external and middle ear

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22
Q

what connects the tympanic membrane and inner air?

A

auditory ossicles

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23
Q

the inner ear contains __

A

sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium

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24
Q

the inner ear receives ___ from middle ear

A

sound waves

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25
Q

the auditory tube is also called the ___ tube

A

eustachian tube

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26
Q

the auditory tube connects the middle ear to the ___

A

nasopharynx

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27
Q

the auditory tube allows ____ equalization across the tympanic membrane

A

pressure

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28
Q

name of ear infection

A

otitis media

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29
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles?

A
  1. malleus
  2. inus
  3. stapes
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30
Q

the malleus attaches to __

A

tympanic membrane

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31
Q

the incus attaches __ to __

A

malleus to stapes

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32
Q

the stapes is attached to the ___

A

oval window

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33
Q

sound waves vibrate ___ (converting sound into mechanical movement)

A

tympanic membrane

34
Q

auditory ossicles focus sound on the ___ and amplifies it

A

oval window

35
Q

what is the bony labyrinth?

A

shell of dense bone surrounding / protecting membranous labyrinth

36
Q

the bony labyrinth is filled with ___

A

perilymph

37
Q

what is the perilymph?

A

fluid similar to CSF between the bony and membranous labyrinth

38
Q

what are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth?

A
  1. semicircular canals
  2. vestibule
  3. cochlea
39
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth?

A

collection of fluid-filled tubes / chambers

40
Q

the membranous labyrinth houses ___ for hearing and equilibrium

A

receptors

41
Q

the membranous labyrinth contains a fluid called ___

A

endolymph

42
Q

semicircular ducts house receptors that are stimulated by __

A

rotation of the head

43
Q

what two structures are found within the vestibule?

A

utricle and saccule

44
Q

the utricle and the saccule provide sensations of ___ and ___

A

gravity and linear acceleration

45
Q

the cochlear duct is sandwiched between

A

perilymph-filled chambers

46
Q

cochlear receptors are stimulated by ___

A

sound

47
Q

what are the 3 semicircular ducts?

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. lateral
48
Q

the semicircular ducts are continuous with ___

A

utricle

49
Q

the semicircular ducts are filled with

A

endolymph

50
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

enlarged part of the semicircular duct that houses receptors

51
Q

what is the ampullary cupula?

A

gelatinous structure that goes through the ampulla with kinocilia and sterocilia

52
Q

movement in one direction causes ___; opposite direction causes ___

A

stimulation; inhibition

53
Q

ampullary cupula rebounds to normal position when ___

A

endolymph stops moving

54
Q

horizontal rotation stimulates ___ receptors

A

lateral duct

55
Q

vertical movement stimulates ___ receptors

A

anterior duct

56
Q

tilting head stimulates ___ receptors

A

posterior duct

57
Q

the utricle and saccule provide ___ sensations, whether body is stationary or moving

A

equilibrium

58
Q

utricle and saccule contain hair cells clustered in ___

A

maculae

59
Q

the macula of the utricle senses __ movement

A

horizontal

60
Q

the macula of the saccule senses __ movement

A

verticle

61
Q

head in upright position, otholiths are __

A

on top of otolithic membrane of utricle

62
Q

head in tilted position/linear movement, gravity pulls on otoliths and shifts them __

A

to the side

63
Q

movement distorts hair cells and stimulates ___ receptors

A

macular

64
Q

hair cells in the spiral organ lack ___

A

kinocilia

65
Q

structure of hair cells in the spiral organ

A

stereocilia with overlying tectorial membrane

66
Q

the bulk of hair cells in the spiral organ are embedded in __

A

basilar membran e

67
Q

sound waves create ___ in the perilymph

A

pressure waves

68
Q

pressure waves cause ___ to vibrate up and down

A

basilar membrane

69
Q

vibrations of basilar membrane press sterocilia into ___, distorting them

A

tympanic membrane

70
Q

distortion of stereocilia in the spiral organ triggers __

A

nerve impulse

71
Q

sensory neurons relay signal through ___ to cochlear branch of vestibularcochlear nerve

A

spinal ganglion

72
Q

sound

A

waves of pressure

73
Q

wavelength of sound

A

distance between adjacent wave crests or troughs

74
Q

if frequency increases, wavelengths ___

A

decreases

75
Q

pitch

A

perception of frequency

76
Q

high frequency = ___ pitch

A

high

77
Q

intensity is ___

A

loudness; amount of energy in waves

78
Q

amplitude of soundwave reflects amount of ___

A

energy (intensity)

79
Q

intensity is measured in ___

A

decibels (dB)

80
Q

___ of basilar membrane varies along its length

A

flexibility

81
Q

location of vibration is interpreted as __

A

pitch

82
Q

number of stimulated hair cells interpreted as __

A

volume

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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