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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 10: Muscular system > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

muscles account for roughly __ % of body weight

A

50

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2
Q

performance of muscles varies based on __ and __

A

fiber organization, skeletal attachments

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the skeletal muscle system?

A

axial and appendicular

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4
Q

what is the function of axial muscles?

A

support and position axial skeleton

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5
Q

what is the function of appendicular muscles?

A

support, move, and brace limbs

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6
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

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7
Q

the fascicles in a parallel muscle are__

A

parallel to long axis

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8
Q

give an example of a parallel muscle

A

biceps brachii

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9
Q

how much do parallel muscles shorten?

A

~30%

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10
Q

describe structure of convergent muscle

A

fascicles extending over broad area, converging at common attachement point

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11
Q

which pulls harder? Convergent or parallel muscles?

A

parallel

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12
Q

give an expample of a convergent muscle

A

pectoralis major

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13
Q

structure of pennate muscle

A

fascicles form angle with tendon

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14
Q

do tendons move more in parallel or pennate muscles?

A

parallel muscles

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15
Q

pennate muscles have more ___ than same-sized parallel muscle

A

myofibrils/fibers

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16
Q

which produces more tension, parallel or pennate?

A

pennate

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of pennate muscles?

A
  1. unipennate
  2. bipennate
  3. multipennate
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18
Q

structure of unipennate muscles?

A

all fibers on one side of tendon

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19
Q

give an example of unipennate muscle

A

extensor digitorum

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20
Q

structure of bipennate muscle

A

fibers insert on both sides of tendon

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21
Q

give example of bipennate muscle

A

rectus femoris

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22
Q

structure of multipennate muscle

A

tendon branches within pennate muscle

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23
Q

give an example of multipennate muscle

A

deltoid

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24
Q

structure of circular/ spinchter muscles

A

concentric rings of fascicles

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25
Q

give an example of circular muscle

A

orbicularis oris

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26
Q

what is a lever?

A

rigid structure that moves when force applied overcomes the load

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27
Q

what is a fulcrum?

A

a fixed point on which a lever pivots

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28
Q

what is a first class lever?

A

fulcrum between AF and L

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29
Q

example of 1st class lever in body

A

splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis muscles

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30
Q

what is a 2nd class

A

load between AF and f

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31
Q

what is a 3rd class lever?

A

fulcrum, af, load

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32
Q

example of 1st class lever in body

A

neck extension at atlanto-occipital joint

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33
Q

example of second class lever in body

A

plantar flexion at ankle joint

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34
Q

example of third class lever in body

A

flexion at elbow

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35
Q

thrid class levers have increased __ and ___, but decreased ___

A

speed and distance, force

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36
Q

second class levers have increased __, but decreased ___ and __

A

force; speed and distance

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37
Q

origin

A

where muscle attaches

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38
Q

most origins are __, but can be __-

A

bones, but can be connective tissue

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39
Q

where is the origin in relation to the insertion?

A

proximal

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40
Q

insertion

A

where movable end of muscle attaches

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41
Q

agonist

A

prime mover

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42
Q

what is the agonist in elbow flexion?

A

biceps brachii

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43
Q

synergist

A

muscle that helps prime mover

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44
Q

synergist in elbow flexion

A

bracioradialis

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45
Q

antagonist

A

muscle whose action opposes that of the prime mover

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46
Q

antagonist in elbow flexion

A

triceps brachii

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47
Q

deltoid

A

triangle

48
Q

orbicularis

A

circle

49
Q

brevis

A

short

50
Q

longissimus

A

longest

51
Q

longus

A

long

52
Q

major

A

larger

53
Q

maximus

A

largest

54
Q

vastus

A

great

55
Q

levator

A

raising

56
Q

what is the originof muscles in facial expression?

A

skull

57
Q

what are the insertions for muscles in facial expression?

A

superficial fascia and dermis of skin

58
Q

what are the origins of the extrinsic eye muscles?

A

sphenoid and maxillary bone around optic canal

59
Q

what are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?

A
  1. superior oblique
  2. inferior oblique
  3. superior rectus
  4. lateral rectus
  5. medial rectus
  6. inferior rectus
60
Q

action of inferior rectus

A

eye looks down

61
Q

action of medial rectus

A

eye looks medially

62
Q

action of superior rectus

A

eye looks up

63
Q

action of lateral rectus

A

eye looks laterally

64
Q

action of superior oblique

A

eye rolls: looking down and lateral

65
Q

action of inferior oblique

A

eye rolls: looking up and laterally

66
Q

which 2 muscles are involved in chewing?

A

masseter and temporalis

67
Q

action of masseter in chewing

A

raises mandible and closes jaw

68
Q

action of temporalis in chewing

A

raises mandible

69
Q

which 3 muscles are closely associated with chewing?

A
  1. tongue
  2. of pharnyx (swallowing)
  3. of neck
70
Q

muscles of the vertebral column originate and insert where?

A

vertebral processes

71
Q

there are few __ in vertebral muscle

A

flexors

72
Q

what are the 3 main muscles of the abdomen?

A
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. rectus abdominis
73
Q

muscles of the appendicular skeleton are grouped by ___ and ___

A

actions and origins

74
Q

muscles of the pectoral girdles originate __ and insert __

A

on axial skeleton; on clavicle/scapula

75
Q

muscles that ove the arm originate __ and insert __

A

on pectoral girdle and rib cage; on humerus

76
Q

muscles that move the forearm and hand originate __ and insert __

A

on pectoral girdle and arm; on radius, ulna, and/or carpels

77
Q

extrinsic muscles to the hand originate __ and insert __

A

on humerus, radius, ulna; on metacarpals and phalanges

78
Q

intrinsic muscles of the hand originate __ and insert __

A

on carpals and metacarpals; on phalanges

79
Q

muscles that move the thigh originate __ and insert __

A

in pelvic region; on femur

80
Q

muscles that move the leg originate __ and insert __

A

on pelvis and femur; on tibia/fibula

81
Q

extrinsic muscles that move the foot/toes originate __ and insert __

A

on tibia/fibula; on tarsals, metatarsals, plalanges

82
Q

intrinsic muscles that move the foor/toes originate __ and insert ___

A

on tarsals, metatarsals; phalanges

83
Q

the largest appendicular muscles originate __

A

on the trunck

84
Q

trunck muscles control ___ scale movement

A

large

85
Q

structure of muscles of the trunk

A

large and powerful

86
Q

what are the 2 largest superficial muscles involved in arm movement?

A

latissimus dorsi and deltoid

87
Q

what are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A
  1. supraspinatus
  2. infraspinatus
  3. teres minor
  4. subscapularis
88
Q

wrist extensors can be seen on what surface?

A

posterior surface

89
Q

wrist flexors can be seen on what surface?

A

anterior surface

90
Q

what are the extensor and flexor retinaculum?

A

wide band of connective tissue holding tendons of muscles in place

91
Q

the biceps brachii origin is __ and inserts on __

A

scapula; radius

92
Q

action of biceps bracii

A

flexion of elbow

93
Q

the brachioradiallis origin is __ and inserts on__

A

humerus; radius

94
Q

action of brachioradiallis

A

elbow flexion

95
Q

brachiallis origin is __ and inserts on __

A

humerus; ulna

96
Q

the triceps bracii origin is __ and inserts on __

A

scapula/humerus; ulna

97
Q

action of triceps brachii

A

extension of elbow

98
Q

flexors are mostly __ and __

A

anterior and medial

99
Q

extensors are mostly __ and __-

A

posterior and lateral

100
Q

what are synovial tendon sheaths?

A

tubular bursae surrounding tendons where theu cross bony surface

101
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by inflammation of __

A

flexor retinacculum and synovial sheaths

102
Q

flexors of the knee originate __ and extend along __ and __ surfaces of the thigh

A

on pelvic girdle; posterior and medial

103
Q

extensors of the knee originate ___ and extend along __ and __ surfaces of the thigh

A

femoral surface; anterior and lateral

104
Q

what is the quadriceps femoris?

A

collective name for the 4 knee extensors that all insert on quad

105
Q

how many vastus muscles surrounf the rectus femoris?

A

3

106
Q

all 4 quad muscles insert on the __

A

patella

107
Q

what are the 3 flexors of the knee?

A
  1. biceps femoris
  2. semimembranosus
  3. semitendinosus
108
Q

the biceps femoris inserts

A

tibia

109
Q

the semimembranosus inserts on

A

tibia

110
Q

the semitendinosus inserts on

A

tibia

111
Q

what are the 4 extensors of the knee?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus intermedius
  3. vastus lateralis
  4. vastus medialis
112
Q

where do the 4 knee extensors insert?

A

patellar ligamnet

113
Q

what are the 2 largest muscles involved in ankle movement?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

114
Q

what are intermuscular septa?

A

fibrous parttions that separate limb muscles into differnet compartments

115
Q

each compartment has:

A
  1. muscles sharing common functions

2. its own blood and nerve supply

116
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A

trauma to limb can cause bleeding, which compresses bv and a lack of blood causes starvation and death

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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