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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. central (CNS)
  2. Peripheral (PNS)
  3. Enteric (ENS)
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2
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the function of the CNS?

A

information processing (integrate and process, then coordinate motor and sensory commands)

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4
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

all nervous tissue outside CNS (excluding ENS)

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5
Q

what makes up the ENS?

A

nervous tissue in wall of gastrointestinal tract

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6
Q

what is the function of the ENS?

A

help control digestive function

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7
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the PNS?

A
  1. sensory afferent division

2. motor efferent division

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8
Q

what is the function of the sensory division of PNS?

A

bring info from receptors to CNS

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9
Q

where is the sensory division of PNS most prominent?

A

sensory organs (Smell, taste, sight, balance, hearing0

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10
Q

what is the function of the motor division of the PNS?

A

carry motor commands form CNS

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11
Q

what 2 groups is the motor division of PNS divided into?

A
  1. somatic (SNS)

2. autonomic (ANS)

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12
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary, automatically regulates

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13
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary, conscious control of movement

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14
Q

receptors

A

detect changes in internl/external environment

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15
Q

____ respond to commands of CNS

A

effectors

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16
Q

what are the 3 regions of a neuron?

A
  1. dendrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
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17
Q

dendrites

A

receive stimuli from environment/other neurons

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18
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and other organelles

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19
Q

axon

A

carries information towards other cells

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20
Q

axon hillock

A

origin of axon form cell body

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21
Q

initial segament of axon hillock

A

where AP originates

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22
Q

axolemma

A

axon plasmalemma

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23
Q

axoplasm

A

axon cytoplasm

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24
Q

what is contained in the axoplasm?

A

neurofibrils, neurotubules, vessicles, lysosomes, mitochndria, enxymes

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25
Q

synapse

A

where neuron communicates with another cell

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26
Q

neurotransmittors are packaged in ___ in axon terminals

A

synaptic vessicles

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27
Q

____ allow a single neuron to communicate with multiple cells

A

collateral branches

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28
Q

what are the 3 types of synapses?

A
  1. between neurons
  2. neuromuscluar
  3. neuroglandular
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29
Q

most CNS neurons lack ___ and cannot divide

A

centrioles

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30
Q

some neural stem cells exist, but most are ___

A

inactive

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31
Q

neural stem cells are active in which 3 places?

A
  1. olfactory epithelium (smell)
  2. retina of eye (vision)
  3. hippocampus (memory)
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32
Q

what are the 4 anatomical classes of neurons?

A
  1. anaxonic neurons
  2. bipolar neurons
  3. unipolar neurons
  4. multipolar neurons
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33
Q

structure of anaxonic neurons

A

small, dendrites indistinguishable from axon

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34
Q

location of anaxonic neurons

A

brain and special sense organs

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35
Q

functions of anaxonic neurons

A

poorly understood

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36
Q

structure of bipolar neurons

A

branching dendritic process and axon with cell body in middle (small)

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37
Q

location of bipolar neurons

A

special sense organs (rare)

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38
Q

structure of unipolar neurons

A

dendrites and axon continuous (very long, can extend from toes to spine) cell body off to one side

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39
Q

initial segment of unipolar neuron

A

where dendrites converge (rest is axon)

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40
Q

location of unipolar neurons

A

most sensory neurons in PNS

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41
Q

structure of multipolar neurons

A

2/more dendrites and a single axon, can be as long as unipolar neurons

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42
Q

location of multipolar neurons

A

most common neurons in CNS

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43
Q

all motor neurons to skeletal muscles are

A

multipolar neurons

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44
Q

what are the 3 functional classes of neurons?

A
  1. sensory
  2. interneurons
  3. motor neurons
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45
Q

which functional class of neuron is most abundant?

A

interneurons

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46
Q

function of sensory receptors

A

detect stimuli

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47
Q

structure of sensory receptors

A

processes of sensory neurons or cells monitored be sensory neurons

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48
Q

what are the 3 types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. interoceptors
  2. proprioreceptors
  3. exteroceptors
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49
Q

interoreceptors monitor ____ and detect ___,___, and ___

A

internal organs; distension (stretch), deep pressure, pain

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50
Q

proprioreceptors monitor __

A

position/movement of skeletal muscles and joints

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51
Q

exteroreceptors monitor __

A

external environment (touch, temp, pressure, special senses)

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52
Q

function of afferent fibers

A

carry info to CNS

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53
Q

ganglion structure

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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54
Q

sensory neurons are mostly ___ neurons with cell bodies in ___

A

unipolar; sensory ganglia

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55
Q

somatic sensory neurons monitor ___

A

outside world and body

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56
Q

visceral sensory neurons monitor ___

A

internal conditions and organs

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57
Q

interneurons are located in the ___, usually between ___ and ___ neurons

A

CNS; sensory and motor

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58
Q

function of interneurons

A

receive information from PNS and CNS; higher functions like learning and memory

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59
Q

somatic motor neurons innervate ___ and provide ___ control

A

skeletal muscles; conscious

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60
Q

the cell body of a somatic motor neuron in in the __ and the axon extends within a ___

A

CNS: peripheral nerve

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61
Q

what is a nerve?

A

bundle of axons in the PNS

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62
Q

visceral motor neurons are part of the __ nervous system

A

autonomic

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63
Q

visceral motor neurons innervate ____, including ___ (4)

A

all other effectors; smooth, cardiac, glands, adipose tissue

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64
Q

visceral motor neurons are located in the ___ nervous system(s)

A

CNS/PNS

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65
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

location of cell bodies for visceral motor neurons going to peripheral receptors

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66
Q

function of efferent fibers

A

carry info from CNS to effectors

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67
Q

what are somatic effectors?

A

skeletal muslces

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68
Q

what are visceral effectors?

A

cardiac/smooth muscle, glands

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69
Q

function of neuroglia

A

support/protect neurons

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70
Q

____ comprise half of the total volume of nervous system

A

neuroglia

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71
Q

4 types of CNS glial cells

A
  1. ependymal cells
  2. microglia
  3. astrocytes
  4. oligodendrocytes
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72
Q

location of ependymal cells

A

lining central canal (spine) and ventricles (brain)

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73
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

produce, circulate, monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

74
Q

structure of microglia

A

mobile phagocytic cells

75
Q

function of microglia

A

remove cellular debris, waste, and pathogens

76
Q

5 functions of astrocytes

A
  1. maintain blood-brain barrier
  2. structural support
  3. regulate ion, nutrient, and gas concentration around neurons
  4. absorb/recycle neurotransmitters
  5. make scar tissue
77
Q

2 functions of oligodendrocytes

A
  1. provide CNS framework by stabalizing axons

2. produce myelin

78
Q

how do oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath?

A

cell process wraps axon in layers of myelin and PM

79
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

speeds up nerve conduction

80
Q

myelinated axons appear __ because of the __ content of the myelin

A

white; lipid

81
Q

parts of axon with myelin are called

A

internodes

82
Q

parts of axon without myelin are called

A

nodes of Ranvier

83
Q

parts of CNS that are unmyelinated appear _-

A

grey

84
Q

2 types of neuroglia in PNS

A
  1. schwaan cells

2. satellite cells

85
Q

location of schwaan cells

A

cover peripheral axons

86
Q

function of schwaan cells

A

participate in axon repair

87
Q

location of satellite cells

A

surround peripheral cell bodies

88
Q

function of satellite cells

A

regulate environment around neurons

89
Q

the function of satellite cells in the PNS is similar to ___ in CNS

A

astrocytes

90
Q

myelinated axons in the PNS are made by

A

myelinating outer surface of schwaan cells (neurilemma)

91
Q

each myelinated schwaan cells represents

A

1 internode

92
Q

in unmyelinated axons, schwaan cells surround ___ that lie in __

A

segments of a group of axons; membrane folds

93
Q

function of membrane folds in unmyelinated schwaan cells

A

stabalize axons and protect them from chemicals

94
Q

in unmyelinated axons, there are no __ between schwaan cells

A

nodes

95
Q

axon regeneration in CNS is limited because (3)

A
  1. many more axons are involved
  2. astrocytes making scar tissue, block axon growth
  3. astrocytes release chemicals that block axon regrowth
96
Q

membrane potential

A

potential difference across a membrane due to unequal charge distribution

97
Q

inside membrane is slightly __ compared to outside

A

negative

98
Q

the slightly negative internal charge is due to __-

A

different permeability of PM to ions and from active transport

99
Q

resting membrane potential (definition)

A

membrane potential of undisturbed cell; starting point

100
Q

graded potential (definition)

A

temorary, localized change in resting potential

101
Q

what produces a graded potential?

A

typical stimulus

102
Q

the graded potential ___ with distance form stimulus

A

decreases

103
Q

action potential (definition)

A

electrical event that involves one location on the axon membrane, but the spreads along axon towards terminals

104
Q

action potential is triggered by __

A

sufficiently large graded potential

105
Q

presynaptic cell releases __-

A

neurotransmitters

106
Q

neurotransmitters bind to __ on ___ cell membrane, which changes ____ and produces ___

A

receptors; postsynaptic; permeability; graded potential in post. membrane

107
Q

response of postsynaptic cell depends on ___ and ___

A

action of stimulated receptors and other stimuli acting at the same time

108
Q

the simplest form of information processing in the nervous system is __-

A

synaptic activity

109
Q

what are 4 contributors to resting membrane potential?

A
  1. ECF has high [na, cl]
  2. cytosol has high [k+, Pr-]
  3. na and k are main factors influencing mp
  4. proteins and ions cant freely move across membrane
110
Q

the resting membrane potential is a form of ___ energy

A

potential

111
Q

resting membrane potential in body cells ranges from

A

-5mV to -100 mV

112
Q

resting membrane potential of a neuron is near

A

-70mV

113
Q

maintaining the resting membrane potential involves ____ forces and ____ process

A

passive; active

114
Q

maintance of the resting potential by passive forces is done by __ channels

A

leak

115
Q

diffusion of Na/K+ ions through leak channels is driven by

A

chemical and electrical gradients

116
Q

what is the active process in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

A

Na/K pumps

117
Q

what are leak channels?

A

passive membrane channels that are always open

118
Q

__, __, and __ determine which ions can diffuse through leak channels

A

size, shape, structure

119
Q

the pump kicks out __(#) __(ion) and brings in __(#) __ (ion)

A

3 Na; 2K

120
Q

gated ion channels change the ___ of the plasma membrane in response to stimuli

A

permeability

121
Q

what are the 3 types of gated ion channels?

A
  1. chemically gated
  2. voltage gated
  3. mechanically gated
122
Q

chemically gated ion channels are also called

A

ligand gated ion channels

123
Q

chemically gated ion channels open when

A

specific chemicals bind to them

124
Q

where are chemically gated ion channels most abundant in the body?

A

dendrites and cell body of a neuron, where synaptic communication happens

125
Q

voltage gated channels open/close in response to _-

A

changes in membrane potential

126
Q

voltage gated channels are characteristic of ___ membranes, which generate/spread __

A

excitable; action potentials

127
Q

what are the 2 gates in a Na voltage gated channel?

A
  1. activation gate

2. inactivation gate

128
Q

role of activation gate

A

opens on stimulation to let sodium in

129
Q

role of inactivation gate

A

closes to block entry of sodium ions

130
Q

mechanically gated channels open in response to

A

physical distortion of membrane srface

131
Q

location of mechanically gated channels in body

A

sensory receptors for stretch, pressure, vibration, sense of touch and hearing

132
Q

where on a neuron are volatge-gates Na/K+ channels found?

A

along axon

133
Q

where on a neuron are voltage gated ca2+ channels found?

A

axon terminals

134
Q

what are graded potentials?

A

changes in membrane potential that cannot spread far from site of stimulation

135
Q

what causes graded potentials?

A

stimuli that open gated ion channels

136
Q

what is the first step in a graded potential?

A

membrane exposed to chemical that opens the chemically gated sodium channels, leading to depolarization

137
Q

what happens to Na ions once entered the cell in graded potential?

A

move away from channels, attracted to negative surface of membrane (local current)

138
Q

degree of depolarization in graded potential ___ with distance from stimuli and __ with size of stimuli

A

decreases; increases

139
Q

what is the 2nd step in a graded potential?

A

Na is moved out of cell and repolarization occurs to bring back normal resting potential

140
Q

graded potentials, whether depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, share what 4 characteristics?

A
  1. effect of stimulus decreases with distance
  2. effect spreads passively through local currents
  3. the change in membrane potential reflects whether + charges enter or exit area
  4. stronger stimulus results in more area affected and greater change in membrane potential
141
Q

definition of an action potential

A

propagated changes in the membrane potential that affect the entire excitable membrane

142
Q

a neuron receives graded potentials at its __

A

dendrites or cell body

143
Q

action potentials at axon terminals release __

A

neurotransmitters

144
Q

action potentials allow ____ between cell body and axon terminals

A

long-range communication

145
Q

resting membrane potential depends on ___ channels

A

leak

146
Q

graded potentials depend on ___ channels

A

chemically gated ion

147
Q

action potentials depend on __ channels

A

voltage gated

148
Q

first step in action potential generation

A

resting membrane potential: volatge gated NA/K channels closed

149
Q

second step in action potential generation

A

depolarization to threshold: initial stimulus, sodium channels open and rapid depolarization occurs

150
Q

definition of threshold

A

membrane potential at which channels open

151
Q

different stimuli that bring membrane to threshold result in ___ action potentials

A

identical

152
Q

third step in action potential generation

A

inactivation of Na channels, activation of K channels: K leaves cell and potential shifts back to resting (repolarization)

153
Q

Na channels shift from inactivated to __ as membrane potential returns to near threshold

A

closed, but capable of opening

154
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time where membrane cannot respond to more stimulation

155
Q

relative refractory period

A

time where membrane can respond, but only to a stimulus thats stronger than normal

156
Q

action potentials are generated at __ segment of axon

A

initial

157
Q

what are the 2 types of propagation?

A
  1. continuous propagation

2. saltatory propagation

158
Q

describe movement of action potential by continuous propagation

A

action potential appears to move step by step through entire axon

159
Q

where does continuous propagation occur?

A

unmylenated axons

160
Q

describe movement of action potential by saltatory propagation

A

depolarizes only at nodes, skips internodes

161
Q

why does the AP skip internodes?

A

ions cant cross membrane where there is myelin

162
Q

is continuous or saltatory propagation faster? why?

A

saltatory; larger diameter has less resistance to ion movement

163
Q

synapse definition

A

location where information is transferred from a neuron to another, or to an effector cell

164
Q

what are the 2 types of synapses?

A
  1. chemical

2. electrical

165
Q

what is the most abundant type of synapse?

A

chemical

166
Q

what types of synapses are chemical?

A

all synapses between neurons and other cell types and most interneuron synapses

167
Q

chemical synapses depend on release of ___

A

neurotransmitters

168
Q

synapses that release ACh are called

A

cholinergic synapses

169
Q

1st step at cholinergic synapse

A

axon terminal depolarized by arriving action potential

170
Q

2nd step at cholinergic synapse

A

depolarization opens voltage gated Ca channels, ca triggers ACh release into cleft

171
Q

3rd step at cholinergic synapse

A

Ach binds receptors on chemically gated Na channels, which opens channels for Na to rush in and rapid depolarization

172
Q

4th step at cholinergic synapse

A

AChe breaks down bound ACh and other Ach diffuse away from binding sites

173
Q

what causes synaptic fatigue

A

neurotransmitter not keeping up with demand

174
Q

what is synaptic delay?

A

time lag between arrival of AP at axon terminal and effect on postsynaptic membrane

175
Q

how do electrical synapses work?

A

changes is membrane potential of one cell produce local currents in adjacent cell, as if sharing common membrane

176
Q

what are the 2 types of postsynaptic potentials?

A
  1. excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

2. inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

177
Q

EPSP is graded ___

A

depolarization

178
Q

EPSP brings membrane potential ___ threshold

A

closer to

179
Q

in EPSP, the membrane is ___, meaning less stimulus needed to trigger AP

A

facilitated

180
Q

IPSP is graded __

A

hyperpolarization

181
Q

IPSP shifts membrane ___ threshold

A

further from

182
Q

in IPSP, the mebrane is __, meaning larger than normal stimulus required to trigger action potential

A

inhibited

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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