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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the somatic nervous system controls subconscious control of ___

A

skeletal muscles

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2
Q

the SNS pathway consists of ___ and ___ motor neurons

A

upper; lower

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3
Q

lower motor neurons may be controlled by what 2 things?

A
  1. reflexes based in the CNS

2. upper motor neurons in nuclei of brain or primary motor cortex

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4
Q

the autonomic nervous system controls ___

A

visceral function (mostly outside our awareness)

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5
Q

motor neurons of CNS synapse on visceral motor neurons on ____ganglia

A

autonomic

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6
Q

the integrative centers of the hypothalamus are located in the ___

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

2 motor neurons in sequence; control visceral effectors:___and ___ neurons

A

preganglionic and ganglionic

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8
Q

preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ___ and ___

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

preganglionic neurons are part of the ___ reflex arcs

A

visceral

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10
Q

most activities of preganglionic neurons represent ___ reflex responses

A

direct

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11
Q

preganlionic neurons leave the CNS and synapse with ___

A

ganglionic neurons

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12
Q

ganglionic neurons are ___ neurons

A

visceral motor neurons

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13
Q

ganglionic neurons have cell bodies in ___

A

peripheral autonomic ganglia

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14
Q

ganglionic neurons innervate __ in cardiac & smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue

A

visceral effectors

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15
Q

the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

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16
Q

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems usually have ___ effects

A

opposing

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17
Q

is it possible for some structures to only be innervated by one division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

yes

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18
Q

both divisions of the autonomic nervous system influence a third autonomic nervous division called __-

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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19
Q

the sympathetic division is typically active during ___

A

exertion, stress, emergency

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20
Q

axons of the sympathetic division emerge from cell bodies in the ___ and ___ segments of the spinal cord (____ specific vertebrae)

A

thorarcic; lumbar; T1-L2

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21
Q

sympathetic axons innervate ganglia close to the ___

A

spinal cord

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22
Q

sympathetic axons innervate what type of ganglia?

A

sympathetic chain ganglia

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23
Q

the parasympathetic division controls __

A

resting conditions

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24
Q

parasympathetic axons emerge from ___ and ___ segments of the spinal cord

A

brainstem; sacral

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25
Q

parasympathetic axons innervate ____ ganglia

A

target organ

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26
Q

parasympathetic fibers are carried in cranial nerves ____ (4) and sacral nerves ___ (3)

A
  1. III, VII, IX, X

2. S2, S3, S4

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27
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

extensive network of neurons and nerve networks in walls of digestive tract

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28
Q

the enteric nervous system initiates/coordinates many complex local visceral reflexes with no ___

A

CNS input

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29
Q

the enteric nervous system is influenced by the ___ divisions

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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30
Q

what are sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

interconnected ganglia on each side of the vertebral column

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31
Q

what do collateral ganglia innervate?

A

innervate abdominopelvic tissues

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32
Q

what is the adrenal medullae?

A

modified sympathetic ganglia

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33
Q

what is the function of the adrenal medullae?

A

secrete neurotransmitters into bloodstream that acts as hormones

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34
Q

neurons of the sympathetic division have short __ and long __

A

preganglionic fibers; postganglionic fibers

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35
Q

7 responses to increased sympathetic activity

A
  1. heightened mental alertness
  2. increased metabolic rate
  3. decreased digestive and urinary functions \
  4. activation of energy reserves
  5. dilation of respiratory passageways: increased breathing
  6. increased heart rate and blood pressure
  7. activation of sweat glands
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36
Q

typical parasympathetic preganglionic fiber synapses on __ to __ ganglionic neurons

A

6-8

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37
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers can synapse on what 2 types of ganglia?

A
  1. terminal ganglia

2. intramural ganglia

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38
Q

terminal ganglia are typically located __

A

near target organ

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39
Q

T/F terminal ganglia are usually paired

A

true

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40
Q

intramural ganglia are loated __

A

embedded in tissues of target organs

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41
Q

intramural ganglia typically consist of ____ of ganglion cells

A

interconnected masses and clusters

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42
Q

which cranial nerve is associated with ciliary ganglia?

A

CIII

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43
Q

what is the target organ of the ciliary ganglia?

A

intrinsic eye muscles

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44
Q

which cranial nerve is associated with the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia?

A

CN VII

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45
Q

what are the target organs of the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia/

A

nasal glands, tear glands, salivary glands

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46
Q

which cranial nerve is associated with the otic ganglia?

A

CNIX

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47
Q

what are the target organs of the otic ganglia?

A

parotid salivary glands

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48
Q

which cranial nerve is associated with the intramural ganglia?

A

CN X (and also pelvic nerves)

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49
Q

5 responses to increased parasympathetic activity

A
  1. decreased metabolic rate
  2. decreased heart rate and blood pressure
  3. increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
  4. increased motility and blood flow to the digestive tract
  5. stimulation of urination and defecation
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50
Q

innervation in the sympathetic division is the same on both sides of the body (T/F)

A

true

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51
Q

____ of each spinal nerve carries postganglionic sympathetic fibers to body wall and limbs

A

gray rammus communicans

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52
Q

in the head and neck, postganglionic fibers from ___ sympathetic ganglia go to areas supplied by cranial nerves ___ (4)

A

superior cervical; III, VII, IX, X

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53
Q

what are the 3 groups of splanchic nerves?

A
  1. cardiopulmonary
  2. abdominopelvic
  3. pelvic
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54
Q

cardiopulmonary splachic nerves are __ fibers to __

A

postganlionic; heart/lungs

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55
Q

preganglionic abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves synapse on __

A

collateral ganglia: celiac superior and inferior mesenteric

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56
Q

postganglionic abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves go to the __

A

abdominopelvic viscera

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57
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves are ___ fibers below __ that go to __

A

postganglionic; L2; pelvic structures

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58
Q

the vagus nerve is part of the ___ division

A

parasympathetic

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59
Q

the vagus nerve is cranial nerve ___

A

X

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60
Q

the vagus nerves provides ___% of all parasympathetic outflow

A

75

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61
Q

vagal nerves intermingle ___ fibers, forming nerve ___

A

sympathetic; plexuses

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62
Q

sacral preganglionic fibers carry sacral ____ output

A

parasympathetic

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63
Q

do sacral preganglionic fibers join spinal nerves?

A

no

64
Q

the sacral preganglionic fibers form distinct ___ nerves

A

pelvic

65
Q

the pelvic nerves innervate intramural ganglia in the __(4)

A

kidneys, bladder, distal large intestine, sex organs

66
Q

sympathetic division can trigger __ reflexes with specific __-

A

local; effectors

67
Q

the sympathetic division can be activated in its entirety by a process called __

A

sympathetic activation

68
Q

sympathetic activation occurs by releasing ___ at peripheral synapses and distributing __ and ___ throughout the body

A

norepinephrine; NE and epinephrine

69
Q

sympathetic activation is controlled by centers in the ___

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

sympathetic activation occurs during __

A

crisis

71
Q

are the effects of sympathetic activation limited to peripheral tissues?

A

no

72
Q

sympathetic activation also alters ___ activity

A

CNS

73
Q

does the parasympathetic division release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream?

A

no

74
Q

why does the parasympathetic division not do division-wide system activation?

A

it does not release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream

75
Q

parts of the parasympathetic division are ___ continously

A

active

76
Q

activities of the parasympathetic division are ___ responses to conditions within ___

A

reflex; specific structures or regions

77
Q

the effects of the parasympathetic division center on ___ (3)

A
  1. relaxation
  2. food processing
  3. energy absorption
78
Q

the parasympathetic division is also called the __-

A

anabolic system

79
Q

the parasympathetic division increases ___ in the blood

A

nutrients

80
Q

which division is associated with growth and development?

A

parasympathetic

81
Q

excess nutrients in the parasympathetic division are stored as ___

A

lipids or glycogen for energy reserve

82
Q

the preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division are __ and the post fibers are __

A

long; short

83
Q

location of the PNS ganglia

A

typically intramural

84
Q

NE and E bind to ___ in target cell plasma membrane

A

adrengic receptors

85
Q

what are the 2 types of adrengic receptors?

A

alpha receptors and beta receptors

86
Q

NE stimulates __- receptors more than ___ receptors

A

alpha more than beta

87
Q

E binds to __ receptors

A

alpha and beta

88
Q

are epinephrine and norepinephrine very similar neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

yes

89
Q

epinephrine has more effect on your __

A

heart

90
Q

norepinephrine has more of an effect on your ___

A

blood vessels

91
Q

neurotransmitter release in ANS effects last __

A

longer

92
Q

adrenal release 3x more ___ than __

A

epinephrine than NE

93
Q

during sympathetic activation, ___ receptor effects predominate

A

beta

94
Q

alpha receptors activate __ of the PM

A

G proteins

95
Q

activation of G proteins what 2 types of responses?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

96
Q

beta receptors are typically stimulated by ___

A

Epinephrin

97
Q

beta receptors are found in what part of the body?

A

organs, skeletal muscle, lungs, heart, liver

98
Q

stimulation of beta receptors and G protein activation change target cell’s ____ activity

A

metabolism

99
Q

what are the 3 types of Beta receptors?

A

B1, B2, B3

100
Q

parasympathetic fibers release ___

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

101
Q

the parasympathetic division has 2 types of ___ receptors

A

cholinergic

102
Q

what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

103
Q

nicotinic receptors are located on all postganglionic neurons on ___ cells and at ___ of skeletal muscle fibers

A

adrenal medullae; neuromusclular

104
Q

nicotinic receptors are ___ (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

excitatory

105
Q

nicotinic receptors are stimulated by ___

A

nicotine

106
Q

muscarinic receptors are ___ coupled receptors

A

G-protein

107
Q

where are muscarinic receptors located in the parasympathetic division?

A

neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions

108
Q

where are muscarinic receptors located in the sympathetic division?

A

few cholinergic junctions

109
Q

which has more long-lasting effects? Nicotinic or muscarinic?

A

muscarinic receptors

110
Q

muscarinic receptors are stimulated by ___

A

muscarine

111
Q

what is muscarine?

A

toxin produced by poisonous mushrooms

112
Q

what nervous system adjusts the activities of the digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems sunconsciously

A

ANS

113
Q

T/F ANS output impacts virtually every body system

A

true

114
Q

what is autonomic tone?

A

continuous level of spontaneous ANS activity

115
Q

the autonomic tone is maintained even without ___

A

stimuli

116
Q

the dual innervation receives instructions from ___

A

both ANS divisions

117
Q

effects of dual innervation can be ___ or ___

A

complementary or opposite

118
Q

in organs with only sympathetic innervation, responses vary depending on ____

A

receptor type stimulated

119
Q

___ innervation exists in the heart

A

dual

120
Q

in the heart, the ANS has opposing effects on ____ function

A

pacemaker

121
Q

_____ (neurotransmitter) reduces heart rate

A

ACh

122
Q

_____ (ANS division) reduces heart rate

A

parasympathetic

123
Q

_____ (neurotransmitter) raises heart rate

A

NE

124
Q

____ (ANS division) raises the heart rate

A

sympathetic

125
Q

at rest which ANS division effects dominate?

A

parasympathetic

126
Q

interoceptors monitor ____ and ____

A

visceral tissues and organs

127
Q

interoceptors include 5 types of receptors ____

A
  1. nociceptors
  2. thermoreceptors
  3. tactile receptors
  4. baroreceptors
  5. chemoreceptors
128
Q

most interoceptor processing is ____ (conscious/subconscious)

A

subconscious

129
Q

most interoceptor processing occurs in the ___ of the spinal cord and the ___ in the brainstem

A

nuclei; solitary nuclei

130
Q

baroreceptors are ____ receptors that monitor ___ changes

A

stretch; pressure

131
Q

baroreceptors are ____ branching into ___ tissues

A

free nerve endings; elastic

132
Q

baroreceptors are found in (3)

A
  1. hollow organs
  2. blood vessels
  3. tubes are respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts
133
Q

how do baroreceptors work?

A

changes in pressure distort dendritic branches, altering the rate of action potentials

134
Q

baroreceptors monitor blood pressure in what major vessels?

A
  1. carotid artery at the carotid sinus

2. aorta at the aortic sinus

135
Q

which receptors regulate cardiac function, adjust blood flow to vital tissue?

A

baroreceptors

136
Q

which receptors monitor the degree of lung expansion?

A

baroreceptors

137
Q

information from baroreceptors in the lungs is sent to ____ centers in the ___ (part of brain)

A

respiratory rhythmicity; medulla oblongata

138
Q

which receptors trigger reflexes in the digestive and urinary tracts?

A

baroreceptors

139
Q

chemoreceptors are ___ that detect changes in ___

A

specialized neurons; concentrations of chemicals

140
Q

chemoreceptors have a role in reflexive control of ___ and ___ function

A

respiratory and cardiovascular

141
Q

what are the 3 locations of chemoreceptors?

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. carotid bodies
  3. aoritic bodies
142
Q

in the medulla oblongata, chemoreceptors monitor ___ and ___ in CSF

A

pH and PCO2

143
Q

chemoreceptors are located in what part of carotid arteries?

A

near the origin of internal carotid arteries

144
Q

in carotid arteries, chemoreceptors monitor ___, ___ and ___ in arterial blood

A

pH; PCO2, PO2

145
Q

where are chemoreceptors located in aortic bodies?

A

between branches of the aortic arch

146
Q

in aortic bodies, chemoreceptors monitor __, __, and __

A

pH, PCO2, PO2

147
Q

ANS activity is controlled by __ in the __

A

nuclei in the brainstem

148
Q

more complex reflexes are coordinated by centers in the __ (Part of the brain)

A

medulla oblongata

149
Q

medullary centers are regulated by ___ (ANS headquarters)

A

hypothalamus

150
Q

examples of reflexes coordinated by the medulla oblongata

A

cardivascular, respiratory, digestion

151
Q

the ___ interacts with other areas of the brain and links their activity/autonomic functions

A

hypothalamus

152
Q

there is continual ___ between higher brain centers, hypothalamus, and brainstem

A

feedback

153
Q

both SNS an ANS have ___ organization

A

parallel

154
Q

sensory pathways may carry information to both __ and __

A

SNS and ANS

155
Q

higher levels of integration involve ___

A

brainstem

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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