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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 24: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

the kidneys receive __% of cardiac output

A

25

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2
Q

what are the major excretory organs of the urinary system

A

true

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3
Q

what organ produces urine?

A

kidneys

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4
Q

___ receive urine form the kidneys and move it to the bladder

A

ureters

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5
Q

ureters move urine to the bladder using 2 methods

A

gravity and peristalsis

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6
Q

___ receives and stores urine

A

bladder

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7
Q

what drives urination?

A

contraction in walls of the bladder

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8
Q

___ moves urine from the bladder to the outside

A

urethra

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9
Q

colour of the kidneys

A

reddish brown

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10
Q

what is the hilum?

A

medial indentation on the kidney, point of entry/exit for the renal artery, veins, nerves, and ureter

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11
Q

the kidneys empty into what part of the bladder?

A

posterior inferior

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12
Q

the kidneys are protected by __

A

visceral organs (anteriorly)

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13
Q

which kidney is slightly higher than the other?

A

left

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous capsule?

A

covers the outer surface of the kidney

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15
Q

what is the structure of the fibrous capsule?

A

projects collagen fibers through the perinephric fat to the renal fascia (support kidneys)

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16
Q

what is phrenic fat and its purpose?

A

thick layer of adipose tissue; support kidneys

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17
Q

what is the renal fascia and its function?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to surrounding structures

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18
Q

the fibrous capsule lines the __

A

real sinus (internal cavity in the kidney)

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19
Q

what is the renal cortex?

A

superficial region of the kidney

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20
Q

what is the renal medulla?

A

inner region of the kidney

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21
Q

the renal medulla is made of what two structures?

A

renal pyramid and renal column

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22
Q

what is the renal papilla?

A

the tip of the renal pyramid

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23
Q

what is the kidney lobe?

A

pyramid, the overlaying cortex and adjacent columns

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24
Q

each kidney contains __ to __ lobes

A

6-18

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25
Q

what is a minor calyx of the kidney? Function

A

collects urine from a single lobe

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26
Q

what a major calyx of the kidney? function

A

fusion of 4-5 minor calyces

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27
Q

what is the renal pelvis and function?

A

funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from major calyces

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28
Q

the renal pelvis is continuous with the __

A

ureter

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29
Q

what are nephrons?

A

microscopic functional units of the kidneys

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30
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  1. cortical nephrons

2. juxtamedullary nephrons

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31
Q

what type of nephrons represents 85% of all nephrons?

A

cortical

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32
Q

location of cortical nephrons

A

mainly in the cortex of the kidney

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33
Q

cortical nephrons are responsible for

A

most regulatory functions

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34
Q

structure of the juxtamedullary nephrons

A

long nephron loop that runs deep into the medulla

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35
Q

the juxtmedullary nephrons are essential to producing __

A

concentrated urine

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36
Q

what are the 2 components of a nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle

2. renal tubule

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37
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

makes filtrate by blood pressure forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries

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38
Q

what is filtrate?

A

protein-free solution like blood and plasma

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39
Q

filtrate is collected in the ___

A

capsular space

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40
Q

what is the renal tubule? Function?

A

tubular passageway up to 50mm long; recibevs filtrate and modifies it to make urine

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41
Q

the renal corpuscle is also called the __ or __

A

glomerular or Bowmans capsule

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42
Q

structure of the renal corpuscle

A

cup-shaped chamber

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43
Q

the renal corpuscle has a network of ___ known as __

A

capillary; glomerulus

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44
Q

function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

reabsorbs nutrients from the filtrate

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45
Q

once the filtrate enters the PCT it is called

A

tubular fluid

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46
Q

function of the nephron loop

A

establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption

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47
Q

each limb of a nephron loop contains 2 segaments

A

thick and thin

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48
Q

function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

adjusts tubular fluid composition by reabsorption and secretion

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49
Q

what is the collecting system

A

series of tubes carrying tubular fluid away from the nephron

50
Q

function of the collecting duct

A

collects fluid from nephron and carriers it through the renal medulla

51
Q

the collecting duct is lined with 2 types of cells

A
  1. intercalated cells

2. principal cells

52
Q

what is the role of intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?

A

secreting and reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

53
Q

what is the function of principal cells in the collating ducts ?

A

reabsorb water and secret potassium

54
Q

what is the function of the papillary duct?

A

collects fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers to minor calyx

55
Q

function of the renal artery

A

delivers blood to the kidney

56
Q

the renal artery branches into ___ in the renal sinus

A

segmental arteries

57
Q

segmental arteries branch into __

A

interlope arteries

58
Q

interlobal arteries branch into __

A

arcuate arteries

59
Q

arcuate arteries branch into __

A

cortical radiate arteries

60
Q

cortical radiate arteries branch into

A

afferent arterioles

61
Q

afferent arterioles supply each nephron at a ___ known as a __

A

capillary knot; glomerulus

62
Q

cortical radiate veins collect from ___ and drain into __

A

nephron capillary; arcuate veins

63
Q

arcuate veins drain into

A

interlobar veins

64
Q

interloper veins drain into the __

A

renal vein

65
Q

the renal drains into the __

A

inferior vena cava

66
Q

the afferent arteriole supplies blood to each individual __

A

nephron

67
Q

the efferent arteriole carries blood from the __ to the __

A

glomerulus; pertibula capillaries

68
Q

pertibulr capillaries surround the entire __ and are themselves surrounded by __

A

renal tube; peritubular fluid

69
Q

functions of the peritubular capillaries

A
  1. collect water and solutes absorbed by the nephron

2. deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion

70
Q

peritubular capillaries drain into

A

radiate veins

71
Q

blood flow around a juxtamentary nephron is the same until after it reaches the ___

A

peritubular capillaries

72
Q

structure of the vasa recta

A

long straight capillaries connected to the distal end of the peritubular capillaries that parallel the nephron loop

73
Q

function of the vasa recta

A

transport water and solutes in the renal medulla

74
Q

the vasa recta drains into the __

A

cortical radiate veins

75
Q

each kidney has ~ __ nephrons

A

1.25 million

76
Q

both cortical and juxtamentary nephrons are innervated by

A

renal nerves

77
Q

renal nerves enter at the __ and follow the branches of __

A

hilum; renal artery

78
Q

most of the nerves in a nephron are ___ fibres from the __ and __ nerves

A

sympathetic postganglionic; cleiac plexus and inferior splenic nerves

79
Q

sympathetic stimuli adjust blood flow and blood pressure at the __

A

glomeruli

80
Q

sympathetic stimuli stimulate the release of __

A

renin

81
Q

the urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of __

A

blood

82
Q

3 examples of metabolic wastes

A
  1. urea
  2. creatinine
  3. uric acid
83
Q

what is the most abundant organic waste?

A

urea

84
Q

urea is a by-product of

A

amino acid break down

85
Q

creatinine is a by product of

A

creatine phosphate breakdown in muscle

86
Q

uric acid is formed during recycling of __

A

nitrogenous bases of RNA

87
Q

what are the 3 processes in urine formation?

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
88
Q

describe process of filtration in urine formation

A

blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membranes of glomeruli capillaries into the capsular space

89
Q

describe process of reabsorption in urine formation

A

transport of water and solutes from the tubular fluid across tubular epithelium into the peritubular fluid

90
Q

describe process of secretion in urine formation

A

transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid across tubular epithelium into the tubular fluid

91
Q

filtration occurs in the

A

renal corpuscle

92
Q

regulation of final volume and solute concentration is from interaction between the __ and __

A

collecting system and nephron loops

93
Q

filtration occurs at what part of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

94
Q

which has a smaller diameter: efferent or afferent arteriole?

A

efferent

95
Q

T/F the smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole increases blood pressure in the glomerulus and increases filtration

A

treu

96
Q

capsular space is found between layers of the __

A

glomerular capsule

97
Q

function of the juxtaglomerular complex

A

secretes renin when glomeruli blood pressure decreases

98
Q

what are intraglomerular mesangial cells? Location? Function?

A

supporting cells ; between adjacent glomerular capillaries; control capillary diameter and rate of blood flow

99
Q

___ forms the outer wall of the renal corpuscle and covers the glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular capsule

100
Q

the __ layer forms the outer capsule

A

parietal

101
Q

the visceral layer the glomerular capsule covers the

A

capillaries

102
Q

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is made of

A

podocytes

103
Q

structure of podocytes

A

large cells with foot processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries

104
Q

gaps between adjacent pedicels are called

A

filtration slits

105
Q

what are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane?

A
  1. fenestered glomerular capillaries
  2. dense basement membrane
  3. filtration slits from podocytes
106
Q

fenestered glomerular capillaries contain large __

A

pores

107
Q

the 3 filtration membranes keeps ___ from entering the capsular space

A

most plasma proteins

108
Q

what 5 factors affect glomerular filtration?

A
  1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  2. capsular colloid osmotic pressure
  3. blood colloid osmotic pressure
  4. capsular hydrostatic pressure
  5. net filtration power
109
Q

what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure and where does it push water and solutes?

A

blood pressure in glomerular capillaries; from plasma to filtrate

110
Q

what is blood colloid osmotic pressure and where does it move water?

A

pressure due to materials in solution; from filtrate to plasma s

111
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure tends to move water and solutes __

A

from filtrate to plasma (opposes filtration )

112
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure results from resistance of

A

filtrate already in the nephron

113
Q

what is net filtration pressure?

A

pressure acting across the glomerular capillaries

114
Q

net filtration pressure represents the same of __

A

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures

115
Q

what 2 interacting levels of control help stabilize glomerular filtration rate?

A
  1. autoregulagtion at local level

2. central regulation (endocrine and sympathetic)

116
Q

the juxtaglomerular complex plays a key role in responding to decreased GFR by initiating ___

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

117
Q

__ predominates in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption

118
Q

t/f only about 15-20% of initial fluid reaches the DCT

A

true, because mostly absorbed by PCT

119
Q

a combination of __ and ___ in the DCY alters solute composition in the tubular fluid

A

reabsorption; secretion

120
Q

sodium ions are excreted in exchange for __

A

potassium

121
Q

hydrogen ions are secreted in exchange for __

A

sodium

122
Q

carrier proteins can secrete __ and __

A

toxins; drugs

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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