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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

blood vessels conduct blood between the __ and __

A

heart; peripheral tissues

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2
Q

arteries carry blood ___ (to/from) the heart and are called ___ vessels

A

away; efferent

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3
Q

veins carry blood ___ (to/from) the heart and are called ___ vessels

A

from; afferent

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4
Q

capillaries exchange substances between ___ and __

A

blood and tissues

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5
Q

what are the two circuits?

A
  1. pulmonary

2. systemic

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6
Q

the pulmonary circuit goes to and from __

A

gas exchange surfaces on the surface of the lungs

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7
Q

the systemic circuit goes to and from __

A

the rest of the body

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8
Q

the right atrium collects blood from the __ circuit and delivers it to the right ventricle which pumps it into the __ circuit

A

systemic; pulmonary

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9
Q

the left atrium receives blood from the __ circuit and the left ventricle pumps blood to the __ circuit

A

pulmonary; systemic

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10
Q

what are the 3 layers of arteries and veins?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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11
Q

what is the tunica intimacy made of?

A

endothelial cells with connective tissue and elastic fibres

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12
Q

what is the tunica media made of ?

A

concentric sheets of smooth muscle

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13
Q

what is the tunica external made of

A

connective tissue

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14
Q

what is another name for the tunica external?

A

tunica adventitia

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15
Q

what are the 5 general blood vessel classes?

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
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16
Q

what are the 2 types of arteries?

A
  1. elastic

2. muscular

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17
Q

structure, location and function of elastic arteries

A

large, close to heart, recoil and stretch when heart beats

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18
Q

size of muscular arteries

A

medium

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19
Q

arterioles have a poorly defined __

A

tunica externa

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20
Q

size of tunica media in arterioles

A

1-2 smooth muscle cells thick

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21
Q

___ are the only blood vessels that allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillaries

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22
Q

venues lack a tunica ___ and resemble expanded __

A

media; capillaries

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23
Q

structure of tunica media in medium-sized veins

A

thin, smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres

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24
Q

structure of tunica external in medium sized veins

A

thick, longitudinal collagen and elastic fibres

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25
Q

__ veins contain all 3 layers

A

large

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26
Q

in large veins, the tunica media is surrounded b a thick tunica __

A

externa

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27
Q

examples of large veins include:

A

superior and inferior venae cavae and tributaries

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28
Q

a typical capillary consists of a tube of __ cells with delicate ___

A

endothelial; basement membrane `

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29
Q

a typical capillary lacks which layers?

A

tunica externa and media

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30
Q

a typical capillary is about the same diameter as a __

A

RBC

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31
Q

what are the two major types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous

2. fenestrated

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32
Q

structure of endothelial lining in continuous capillaries

A

complete

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33
Q

location of continuous capillaries in the body

A

in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage

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34
Q

continuous capillaries allow diffusion of __ (3)

A

water, small solutes, lipid soluble material s

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35
Q

specialized continuous capillaries in the CNS and thymus have endothelial ___

A

tight junctions

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36
Q

role of specialized continuous capillaries with tight junctions

A

enables restricted and regulated permeability

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37
Q

structure of endothelial lining in a fenestrated capillary

A

contains pores in the lining

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38
Q

what is the role of the pores in fenestrated capillaries?

A

permits rapid exchange of water and larger solutes

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39
Q

location of fenestrated capillaries in the body

A

multiple parts of the brain, glands, GI tract and kidneys

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40
Q

structure of sinusoids

A

like fenestrated capillaries, but flat and misshapen, gaps between endothelia cells and a thin or absent basement membrane

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41
Q

sinusoids permit greater __

A

exchange of water and solute

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42
Q

what is a capillary bed?

A

interconnected network of capillaries

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43
Q

a capillary bed contains several connections between __ and __

A

arterioles; venues

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44
Q

T/f a capillary bed may be supplied by more than one artery

A

true

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45
Q

multiple arteries are called

A

collateral

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46
Q

fusion of arteries is an example of arterial __

A

anastomosis

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47
Q

what is anastomosis?

A

the joining of blood vessels

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48
Q

what is the benefit of a capillary bed being supplied by multiple arteries?

A

continuous delivery of blood even if one artery is blocked or compressed

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49
Q

the capillary bed can be bypassed by ___ that directly connects arteriole to venule

A

arteriovenous anastomosis

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50
Q

the arteriovenous anastomosis is regulated by ___ innervation

A

sympathetic

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51
Q

what is a met arteriole or precapillary arteriole?

A

initial segment of the connection passageway

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52
Q

structure of metarteriole

A

smooth muscle that can change the vessel’s diameter and adjust flow rate

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53
Q

what is the thoroughfare channel?

A

most direct passageway through the capillary bed

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54
Q

what are precapillary sphincters?

A

bands of smooth muscle that contract and relax to control flow into the capillary bed

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55
Q

what is vasomotion ?

A

cycles of contraction and relaxation (in precapillary sphincters?)

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56
Q

BP in peripheral venues is less than __ % of that in the ascending aorta

A

10

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57
Q

what is the largest artery>

A

ascending aorta

58
Q

mechanism are needed to maintain flow of blood in veins against __

A

gravity

59
Q

what are the valves in the veins?

A

folds in the tunica intima pointing in the direction of blood flow

60
Q

what is the function of valves in the veins

A

ensure one-way flow of blood to the heart

61
Q

what are 2 mechanisms of maintaining blood flow against gravity?

A

valves and muscular contraction

62
Q

what can happen if vein valves don’t work properly?

A

blood can pool in veins and cause distention

63
Q

what are two conditions caused by faulty vein valves?

A

varicose veins and haemorrhoids

64
Q

t/f the total blood volume is distributed unevenly amongst arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

true

65
Q

systemic venous system contains __ % of the total blood volume

A

64

66
Q

the system venous system acts as blood __

A

reservoirs

67
Q

sytemic arteries contain __% of total volume

A

13

68
Q

what is venoconstriction?

A

contraction of smooth muscle fibres in veins

69
Q

venoconstriction ___ the diameter of veins and the amount of blood in the venous system

A

reduces

70
Q

venoconstriction is a method of maintaining blood volume in the ___ system even with significant blood loss

A

arterial

71
Q

venoconstriction is controlled by the ____ center in the medulla oblongata

A

vasomotor

72
Q

___ nerves stimulate smooth muscles in medium-sized veins during venoconstriction

A

sympathetic

73
Q

cardiovascular regulation is accomplished by adjusting both ___ and ___

A

cardiac output and blood flow regulation within the systemic and pulmonary circuits

74
Q

auto regulation acts __

A

locally

75
Q

central regulation involves ___ and __ mechanisms

A

neural and endocrine

76
Q

central regulation makes coordinated adjustments to ___ (4) so that cardiac output is sufficient

A

heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance and venous pressure

77
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

pressure in the cardiovascular system as a whole

78
Q

is arterial or venous pressure always much higher?

A

arterial

79
Q

why is arterial pressure much higher than venous pressure?

A

because blood has to be pushed a greater distance through smaller vessels

80
Q

flow through blood vessels is influenced by ___

A

resistance

81
Q

what is the force the opposes movement in blood vessels ?

A

peripheral resistance

82
Q

the pressure in capillaries is very __

A

low

83
Q

what is capillary exchange?

A

diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

84
Q

blood pressure in veins is maintained by __ and ___

A

valves & muscle contraction of peripheral veins

85
Q

what is the venous return?

A

amount of blood arriving at the right atrium each minute

86
Q

on average, the venous return is equal to the ___

A

cardiac output

87
Q

what is the total peripheral resistance?

A

resistance of entire cardiovascular system

88
Q

total peripheral resistance relies on what 3 things?

A

vascular resistance, viscosity and turbulence

89
Q

what is vascular resistance?

A

opposition to blood flow in vessels

90
Q

what is the largest factor in total peripheral resistance?

A

vascular resistance

91
Q

vascular resistance primarily results from the ___

A

friction between blood and the vessel walls

92
Q

the amount of friction in vascular resistance depends on what 2 factors?

A

vessel length and vessel diameter

93
Q

an increases vessel length does what to the friction/resistance?

A

increases it

94
Q

the layer of blood ___ (closet, farthest) wrt the vessel wall travels slowest

A

closest

95
Q

vasomotor center controls peripheral resistance primarily by altering ___

A

diameters of arterioles

96
Q

what is viscosity?

A

resistance to flow caused by interactions among molecules and soluble components in a liquid

97
Q

blood is ___x thicker than water

A

5

98
Q

why is blood thicker than water ?

A

cells and plasma proteins

99
Q

disorders affecting the ___ or ___ change viscosity and affect peripheral resistance

A

hematocrit or plasma composition

100
Q

what is turbulence?

A

fluid flow with eddies and swirls

101
Q

what causes turbulence?

A

high flow rates, irregular surfaces, and sudden changes in vessel diameter

102
Q

turbulence is responsible for what heart sounds?

A

3rd and 4th

103
Q

what does increased turbulence do to the resistance and blood flow?

A

increase and slow

104
Q

arteriole pressure __ during ventricular systole

A

rises

105
Q

arteriole pressure __ during ventricular diastole

A

declines

106
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

peak arterial pressure during systole

107
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

minmum arteriol pressure during diastole

108
Q

capillary exchange involves a combination of diffusion, osmosis and __

A

filtration

109
Q

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure ?

A

blood pressure within capillary beds

110
Q

____ provides the driving force between filtration in capillary exchange

A

capillary hydostatic pressure

111
Q

capillary hydrastsic pressure pushes __ and __ out of the bloodstream but not __

A

water; small molecules; large molecules like plasma proteins

112
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure is at its highest near the __

A

arteriole

113
Q

as filtration occurs, blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) ___

A

increases

114
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP) = ___ - ___

A

CHP – BCOP

115
Q

net filtration pressure is positive at the beginning of the capillary and therefor ___ is occurring

A

filtration

116
Q

net filtration pressure is negative at the end of a capillary and therefor ___ is occurring

A

reabsorption

117
Q

what predominates at the venue end of the capillary?

A

reabsorption

118
Q

homeostatic mechanisms ensure adequate __

A

tissue perfusion

119
Q

what is tissue perfusion?

A

blood flow through tissues

120
Q

what are the two regulatory pathways for homeostatic mechanisms?

A

auto regulation and central regulation

121
Q

auto regulation occurs at the __ level

A

local

122
Q

central regulation controls __ and __

A

neural and endocrine

123
Q

what causes central regulation to be activated?

A

ineffective auto regulation

124
Q

what type of receptor responds to changes in blood pressure

A

baroreceptor

125
Q

baroreceptors are located in the walls of __ (3)

A

carotid sinuses, aortic sinuses, right atrium

126
Q

increased baroreceptor stimulation leads to __ cardiac output and __ vasodilation

A

decreased; increased

127
Q

T/f endocrine responses provide short and longterm regulation of cardiovascular function

A

true

128
Q

endocrine responses use the endocrine functions of the __ (3)

A

heart, kidneys, pituitary gland

129
Q

what is the immediate response to low blood pressure and volume?

A

release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

130
Q

what hormones are important in the longterm response to low blood pressure ad low blood volume?

A

antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin 2, erythropoietin, aldosterone

131
Q

high blood volume stretches the heart wall during diastole which triggers release of __

A

natriuretic peptides

132
Q

what are the 2 types f natriuretic peptides released?

A

atrial and brain

133
Q

chemoreceptors respond to blood and CSF changes in __ (3)

A

CO2, O2, pH

134
Q

chemoreceptors are located in __ (3)

A

carotid bodies, aortic bodies, medulla oblongata

135
Q

t/f trained athletes have bigger hearts and stroke volumes

A

true

136
Q

mechanisms can cope with blood losses of ~__% of total blood volume

A

30

137
Q

what are short term responses to blood loss?

A

carotid and aortic arteries and the symaptaheic nervous system signal vasoconstriction

138
Q

what is shock?

A

acute cardiovascular crisis marked by low blood pressure and not enough peripheral flow

139
Q

what are the most common causes of shock?

A

hemorrhaging and heart disease

140
Q

what is circulatory shock?

A

positive feedback loops beginning when blood loss is greater than 35%

141
Q

what is circulatory collapse?

A

when arteriolar smooth muscles and precapillary sphincters cannot contract

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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