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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch. 12: The Spine > Flashcards

Ch. 12: The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

what receives sensory input from receptors?

A

both brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

both the brain and spinal cord contain ___ centers

A

reflex

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3
Q

both the brain and spinal cord send motor output to ___

A

effectors

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4
Q

what is a reflex?

A

rapid, autonomic response triggered by small stimuli

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5
Q

spinal reflexes are controlled by

A

the spinal cord

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6
Q

spinal reflexes function without input from the

A

brain

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7
Q

a CS of the spinal cord has outer __ matter and inner __ matter

A

white; grey

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8
Q

the adult spinal cord is __ cm

A

45

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9
Q

the spinal cord ends at

A

L1-L2

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10
Q

the spinal cord has how many nerves?

A

31

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11
Q

how many cervical nerves?

A

8

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12
Q

how many thoracic nerves?

A

12

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13
Q

how many lumbar nerves?

A

5

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14
Q

how many sacral nerves?

A

5

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15
Q

how many coccygeal nerves?

A

1

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16
Q

structure and location of conus medullaris

A

cone-shaped end of spinal cord at L1-L2

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17
Q

what is the Filum terminale? Function?

A

area from tip of conus medullaris to S2. Provides longitudinal support to spinal cord

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18
Q

what is the Cauda equina (horse tail)?

A

the extended anterior and posterior roots of L2-S5 and the filum terminale

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19
Q

___ pairs of spinal nerves arise from __ spinal cord segments

A

31; 31

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20
Q

names of spinal nerves are designated by __ and __

A

region and number

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21
Q

C1 nerves runs ___ the 1st cervical vertebra

A

above

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22
Q

all vertebrae other than C1 are named for the vertebra ___ (above/below)

A

above

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23
Q

white matter is made of

A

myelinated and some unmyelinated axons

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24
Q

gray matter is made of (3)

A

neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons

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25
Q

the central canal contains

A

CSF

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26
Q

do spinal nerves have axons of sensory or motor neurons?

A

both!

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27
Q

anterior root contains

A

axons of motor nuerons

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28
Q

posterior root contains

A

axons of sensory neurons

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29
Q

posterior root ganglion contains

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons in posterior root

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30
Q

how many spinal meninges are there? What are they?

A
  1. dura matter
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter
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31
Q

in general, what are spinal meninges?

A

specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord and connected to cranial meninges

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32
Q

what are the functions of the meninges?

A
  1. stability
  2. shock absorption
  3. carry blood supply (O2, nutrients, waste)
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33
Q

structure of dura matter

A

tough, dense collagen fibers running lengthwise to the spinal cord

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34
Q

structure of arachnoid matter

A

arachnoid membrane of simple squamous and subarachnoid space between AM and pia matter

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35
Q

structure of pia matter

A

meshwork of elastic and collagen, anchored to neural tissue

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36
Q

the subaracnoid space contains what three things? Funtions of each?

A
  1. arachnoid trabeculae – collagen and elastic that anchor to pia
  2. CSF – shock absorption, diffusion of gas, nut, etc
  3. blood vessels
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37
Q

where is the epidural space and what is it made of?

A

between dura and vertebrae; areolar, blood vessels, adipose

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38
Q

what is a lumbar puncture/spinal tap?

A

taking out sample of CSF

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39
Q

Where is needle inserted in lumbar puncture?

A

into subarachnoid space, lumbar region below conus medullaris

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40
Q

why is a spinal tap done below conus medullaris?

A

to avoid spinal cord and thus reduce risk of damage

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41
Q

what are nuclei in grey matter?

A

functional unit of neuron CB

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42
Q

function of sensory nuclei

A

receive and relay sensory information

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43
Q

function of motor nuclei

A

issue motor commands to effectors

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44
Q

gray commissures contain axons that ___

A

axons that cross from sides to side in the spinal cord

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45
Q

where are gray commissure located?

A

posterior and anterior to the central canal

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46
Q

white matter is organized in __, which are bundles of __ in CNS

A

tracts; axons

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47
Q

ascending tracts carry __ information in __ columns

A

sensory; posterior

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48
Q

descending tracts carry __ commands in __ columns

A

motor commands; anterior columns

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49
Q

what are the 3 connective tissue layers surrounding the spinal nerves?

A
  1. epineurium
  2. perineurium
  3. endoneurium
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50
Q

what is the epineurium?

A

outermost layer; dense network of collagen fibers

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51
Q

what is the perineurium?

A

middle layer; separates nerve into fascicles

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52
Q

what are nerve fascicles?

A

bundles of axons

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53
Q

what is the endoneurium

A

innermost layer; surrounds individual axons

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54
Q

arteris and veins go through the ___ and branch in the ___, and capillaries enter the ___

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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55
Q

each spinal nerve divides into two ___

A

rami

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56
Q

posterior ramus is responsible for __ (3)

A

muscles, joints, skin of back

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57
Q

anterior ramus is responsible for __ (3)

A

lateral and anterior trunk, limbs

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58
Q

which spinal nerves carry out motor output of sympathetic ANS? (Fight/Flight)

A

T1-L2

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59
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

specific bilateral area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves

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60
Q

what nerve usually lacks a sensory branch? What does it supply when present?

A

C1; scalp with C2 and 3

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61
Q

the face is monitored by which nerve?

A

CN V

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62
Q

are dermatome boundaries distinct and absolute?

A

no, there is overlap

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63
Q

which virus causes shingles and chickenpox?

A

vericella-zoster (herpes)

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64
Q

the herpes VZV virus acts on ____ and ____

A

neurons in posterior roots and sensory ganglia

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65
Q

what causes shingles?

A

it lies dormant in anyone who has had chickenpox and trigger is unknown

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66
Q

sensory information is collected from ___ and delivered to ___ in the spinal cord

A

periphery; sensory nuclei in spinal cord

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67
Q

the sympathetic nerve collects sensory information from __

A

visceral organs

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68
Q

the anterior ramus collects sensory information from __ (3)

A

ventrolateral body surface, body wall, and limbs

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69
Q

the posterior ramus collects sensory information from __

A

skin and skeletal muscles of the back

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70
Q

the posterior root carries information from __

A

spinal cord

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71
Q

the anterior root contains axons of the __ and __

A

somatic, visceral motor neurons

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72
Q

the spinal nerve forms at junction of __ and ___

A

anterior and posterior roots

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73
Q

the posterior ramus carries contains ___ that carry info to _-

A

somatic/visceral motor fibers to skin/skeletal muscles of back

74
Q

the anterior ramus carries information to the __, __, and __

A

ventrolateral body surface, body wall, limbs

75
Q

what is the white ramus communicans?

A

short branch with preganglionic visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglia

76
Q

what is the grey ramus communicans?

A

postsynaptic fibers to glands/ smooth muscle

77
Q

sympathetic nerve carries ____ fibers to __

A

pre/postsynaptic ; thorarcic cavity

78
Q

what is a nerve plexus?

A

complex, interwoven nerve network

79
Q

when is the nerve plexus formed?

A

during development

80
Q

how is are nerve plexuses made?

A

anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves blend fibers to form plexuses

81
Q

what are the 4 major plexuses?

A
  1. cervical plexus
  2. brachial plexus
  3. lumbar plexus
  4. sacral plexus
82
Q

the cervical plexus supplies the

A

neck and diaphragm

83
Q

the brachial plexus supplies the

A

pectoral girdle, upper limb

84
Q

the sacral plexus supplies the

A

pelvic girdle, lower limb

85
Q

the cervical plexus is formed by the

A

anterior rami of C1-C5

86
Q

the phrenic nerve is formed by

A

C3 - C5

87
Q

the phrenic nerve supplies entire nerve supply to

A

the diaphragm

88
Q

most nerves of brachial plexus come off ___ and a few originate at the ___

A

cords; trunks

89
Q

what are the 5 major brachial plexus nerves?

A
  1. musculocutaneous nerve
  2. median nerve
  3. axillary nerve
  4. radial nerve
90
Q

why is cutaneous nerve distribution to wrist and hand clinically important?

A

nerve damage can be precisely localized by testing sensory function of the hand

91
Q

the lumbar and sacral plexuses are formed from

A

lumbar and sacral segments of spinal cord

92
Q

the lumbar plexus is formed from the

A

spinal nerves T12-L4

93
Q

what is the lumbosacral trunk?

A

L4 branches contribute to sacral plexus

94
Q

the sacral plexus is formed by the

A

spinal nerves L4-S4

95
Q

what is the sciatic nerve? To which plexus does it belong?

A

largest, longest nerve in the body. Sacral plexus

96
Q

what are the 4 nerves supplying the foot and ankle?

A
  1. saphenous
  2. sural
  3. common fibular
  4. tibial
97
Q

what are neural pools?

A

functional groups of interconnected neurons

98
Q

what 2 things may neural pools include?

A
  1. neurons of various parts of the brain

2. neurons of specific part of CNS

99
Q

what element of a neural pool reflects its function?

A

pattern of interaction

100
Q

the most complex circuits of neural pools are found in the

A

brain

101
Q

the simplest circuits of neural pools are found in the

A

PNS and spinal cord

102
Q

the simple circuits of neural pools control__

A

autonomic responses and reflexes

103
Q

what are the 5 common patterns of neural interaction?

A
  1. divergence
  2. parallel processing
  3. seriel processing
  4. reverberation
  5. convergence
104
Q

describe divergence

A

spread information from one neuron/neural pool to several

105
Q

what does divergence allow for?

A

broad distribution of specific input

106
Q

describe convergence

A

several neurons meet on the same postsynaptic neuron

107
Q

why can motor neurons experience both conscious and unconscious control?

A

convergent neural circuits

108
Q

what is an example of convergence?

A

voluntary adjustment to breathing

109
Q

describe parallel processing

A

several neurons processing the same information simultaneously

110
Q

what has to happen before parallel processing can occur?

A

divergence

111
Q

describe serial processing

A

transfer of information in steps (1 neuron/pool to the next)

112
Q

give an example of serial processing

A

information moving from one part of the brain to the next

113
Q

describe reverberation

A

a collateral braches reaches back to the source of the impulse and stimulates it to continue

114
Q

reverberation involves what type of loop?

A

positive feedback

115
Q

reverberation continues until

A

synaptic fatigue, of inhibitor

116
Q

reflexes preserve ___ through rapid ___ to organs/systems

A

homeostasis; adjustments

117
Q

what are the 5 parts of a reflex arc?

A
  1. stimulation of a receptor
  2. activation of sensory neuron
  3. information processing in CNS
  4. activation of motor neuron
  5. response of peripheral effector
118
Q

a receptor can be ___ or ___. What do they detect?

A

specialized cell, or dendrites of sensory neuron. Chemical, physical changes

119
Q

in the 2nd step of reflex arc, the stimulation of dendrites causes ___, which induces action potentials in sensory neurons. The signal then enters the spinal cord through __

A

graded potential; sensory neurons; posterior root

120
Q

in the 3rd step of reflex arc, sensory neurons release __ the induces a ___ postsynaptic potential at the ___

A

neurotransmitter; excitatory; interneuron

121
Q

what two things do interneurons do once given an excitatory potential?

A

create action potentials of motor neurons and send out pain to CNS

122
Q

motor neurons relese __ that stimulates __ to respond

A

neurotransmitters; effectors

123
Q

what 4 things classify reflexes?

A
  1. development (innate/acquired)
  2. nature of response (somatic/visceral)
  3. complexity of circuit (mono/poly synaptic)
  4. processing site (Brain or spine)
124
Q

what are innate reflexes?

A

basic neural impulses youve had since birth

125
Q

innate reflexes appear in a predictable sequence from __ to __

A

simplest to most complex

126
Q

what are acquired reflexes?

A

rapid automatic learned motor responses that enhance with repetition

127
Q

what are somatic reflexes?

A

involuntary control of skeletal muscles

128
Q

what is an example of somatic reflex?

A

withdrawal reflex

129
Q

what are visceral reflexes?

A

control involuntary effectors (Smooth, cardiac, glands, glands, adipose tissue)

130
Q

monosynaptic reflexes involves sensory neuron synapses ___ with motor neurons

A

directly

131
Q

polysynaptic reflexes involve sensory neuron synapses ___ with motor neuron

A

indirectly

132
Q

which synaptic reflexes have interneurons?

A

polysynaptic

133
Q

are mono or polysynaptic reflexes faster?

A

monosynaptic

134
Q

processing of the spinal reflexes occurs in the

A

spinal cord

135
Q

intersegmental reflexes involve ___ of spinal cord

A

multiple segments

136
Q

processing of cranial reflexes occurs in the

A

brain

137
Q

what is the best know monosynaptic reflex?

A

stretch reflex

138
Q

the stretch reflex automatically regulates __

A

skeletal muscle length

139
Q

what stimulus activated stretch reflex?

A

increasing muscle length

140
Q

what is the response of the stretch reflex?

A

to contract muscle

141
Q

give an example of the stretch response?

A

patellar reflex

142
Q

____ act as the sensory receptors for stretch reflex

A

muscle spindles

143
Q

muscle spindles are made of

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

144
Q

what are intrafusal muscle fibers?

A

bundles of small, specialized skeletal muscle fibers

145
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers are supplied by __ neurons

A

both sensory and motor

146
Q

muscle spindles are surrounded by muscle fibers that maintain ___ and can __ the whole muscle

A

muscle tone; contract

147
Q

the ___ motor neuron innervates each muscle spindle

A

gamma

148
Q

gamma motor neurons alter __ in intrafusal fibers; allowing CNS to increase/decrease ___

A

tension; muscle tone

149
Q

stretched length stimulates ___ from __

A

more frequent action potentials from sensory neuron

150
Q

compressed length stimulates __

A

inhibition of sensory neuron ; motor neuron not stimulated, decrease muscle tone

151
Q

postural reflexes function

A

help maintain normal, upright position

152
Q

balance is maintained by many muscle groups doing what?

A

working in opposition

153
Q

leaning forward stimulates stretch receptors in __ which __

A

calf muscles; contract to pull you back

154
Q

postural adjustments are usually

A

unconscious

155
Q

strongest withdrawal reflexes are stimulated by

A

painful stimuli

156
Q

withdrawal reflexes can be stimulated by

A

stimulus from touch or pressure

157
Q

withdrawal reflexes are versatile because

A

sensory neurons activate many pools of interneurons

158
Q

distribution and strength of response depend on

A

intensity and location of stimulus

159
Q

flexor reflex is a type of __reflex

A

withdrawal

160
Q

flexor reflex affects

A

muscle of a limb

161
Q

give an example of flexor reflex

A

pain stimulus of grabbing hot pan

162
Q

sensory neurons in the flexor reflex activate __ in the spinal cord

A

interneurons

163
Q

interneurons in the flexor reflex stimulate motor neurons in __ resulting in ___ and ___

A

anterior gray horns; contraction of flexor muscles and reciprocal inhibition

164
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition?

A

keeps extensors relaxed (blocks opposition)

165
Q

stretch and withdrawal reflexes use ___ reflex arcs; which means sensory and motor are on __ side of the body

A

ipsilateral; the same

166
Q

crossed extensor reflexes involve __- reflex arcs

A

contralateral

167
Q

contralateral reflexes involve

A

an additional motor response occurs on the opposite side of the stimulus

168
Q

crossed extensor reflexes are coordinated with __

A

flexor reflexes

169
Q

in crossed extensor reflexes: flexion of affected side is accompanied by __

A

extension on the opposite side

170
Q

give an example of crossed extensor reflexes

A

step on something sharp, before flexor lifts hurt foot, crossed extensor reflex straightens opposite limb to hold the weight

171
Q

what reflexes control autonomic actions involved in complex movements (walking and running)

A

polysynaptic reflexes

172
Q

what are the five properties of the polysynaptic reflexes?

A
  1. involve pools of interneurons which may be excitatory / inhibitory
  2. involve multiple spinal segments that may activate muscle groups in many areas
  3. involve reciprocal inhibition that coordinates movement and reduces resistance
  4. have reverberating circuits that prolong motor response
173
Q

the ____ can facilitate or inhibit motor neurons / interneurons involved in a reflex

A

brain

174
Q

facilitation is called

A

reinforcement

175
Q

___ maneuver facilitates patellar reflex

A

Jendrassik

176
Q

biceps, triceps, ankle-jerk reflexes are ___ reflexes that are each controlled by specific ____

A

stretch ; spinal segemnts

177
Q

the babinski reflex involves

A

stroking the lateral side of sole triggers extension of hallux and spreading of toes

178
Q

the babinski reflex occurs due to

A

lack of inhibition by descending moror fibers

179
Q

the babinski response disappears as

A

descending pathways develop

180
Q

what is the plantar reflex?

A

in adults, stroking bottom lateral side of foot causes toes to curl

181
Q

what is the abdominal reflex?

A

stroking of skin produces reflexive twitch an ab muscles; moving navel towards stimulus

182
Q

the abdominal reflex depends on facilitation of

A

descending tracts

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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