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Psychology > Chapter 8 - Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

pattern of continuity and change in human characteristics that occurs throughout the course of life
- ex., physical abilities may decline with age

A

Development

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2
Q

a research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point

A

Cross-Sectional Designs

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3
Q

obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time
- used by correlational research

A

Longitudinal Study

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4
Q

person’s biological inheritances

A

Nature

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5
Q

person’s environmental and social experiences

A

Nurture

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6
Q

person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

A

Resilience

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7
Q

associated with childhood, adolescence, and phases of adulthood

A

Physical Development

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8
Q

prenatal development and teratogens

A

Physical Development

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9
Q

time of astonishing change
- conception occurs when a single sperm cell merges with the egg to produce a zygote, a single cell with an array of 46 chromosomes, 23 from each biological parent

A

Prenatal Development

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10
Q

within prenatal development…
- weeks 1-2
- fertilized egg is called a zygote

A

Germinal Period

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11
Q

within prenatal development…
- weeks 3-8
- zygote has become an embryo

A

Embryonic Period

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12
Q

within prenatal development…
- months 2-9

A

Fetal Period

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13
Q

any agent that causes a problem in prenatal development
- ex., chemical substances ingested by pregnant women like nicotine or alcohol

A

Teratogens

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14
Q

how thought, intelligence, and language processes change as people mature

A

Cognitive Development

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15
Q

piaget’s theory of…

A

Cognitive Development

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16
Q

said that human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience
- mental concept or framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it

A

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

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17
Q

assimilation and accomodation

A

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

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18
Q

individuals incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

A

Assimilation

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19
Q

individuals adjustment of their schemas to new information

A

Accommodation

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20
Q

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

A

Stages of Cognitive Development

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21
Q
  • birth - 2 years
  • infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (seeing, hearing) with motor (physical) actions
A

Sensorimotor Stage

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22
Q

piaget’s term for the critical accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

A

Object Permanence

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23
Q
  • 2 -7 years
  • thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought (children begin to represent their world with words, images, and drawings)
A

Preoperational Stage

24
Q
  • 7 - 11 years
  • individuals use operations and replaces intuitive with logical reasoning in concrete situations
A

Concrete Operational Stage

25
Q
  • 11 - 15 years
  • thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypothesis about the future
A

Formal Operational Stage

26
Q

higher-order, complex cognitive processes (thinking, planning, and problem solving)

A

Executive Function

27
Q

changes in persons social relationships. emotional life, and personality

A

Socioemotional Development

28
Q

temperament, infant attachment, secure attachment

A

Socioemotional Development

29
Q

individuals behavior style and characteristic way of responding

A

Tempersment

30
Q

close emotional bond between an infant and it’s caregiver

A

Infant Attachment

31
Q

the way infants use their caregivers (mothers) as a secure base from which to explore the environment

A

Secure Attachment

32
Q

erikon’s theory of…

A

Socioemotional Development

33
Q

meant to emphasized how a person’s psychological life is embeded in and shaped by social relationships/challenges faced by the person developing person using 8 psychosocial stages of development from infant to childhood

A

Erikon’s Theory of Socioemotional Development

34
Q

trust v. mindset, autonomy v. shame and guilt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. identity confusion, intimacy v. isolation, generactivity v. stagnation

A

Erikon’s Theory of Socioemotional Development

35
Q
  • birth - 1.5 years
  • establishing trust in the social world, infants depend on caregiver to establish a sense that the world is a predictable and friendly place
A

Trust v. Mistrust

36
Q
  • 1.5 - 3 years
  • experiencing the beginnings of self control (kids saying “no”)
A

Autonomy v. Shame and Guilt

37
Q
  • 3 - 5 years
  • experience what it is life to forge their own interests and friendships and to take on responsibilities
A

Initiative v. Guilt

38
Q
  • 6 years - puberty
  • children gain competence in academic skills
A

Industry v. Inferiority

39
Q

10 - 20 years

A

Identity v. Identity Confusion

40
Q

early adulthood 20’s, 30’s

A

Intimacy v. Isolation

41
Q

middle adulthood

A

Generactivity v. Stagnation

42
Q

authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, permissive

A

Baumrid’s Four Basic Parenting Styles

43
Q

restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to value hard work and effort
- “you do it my way or else”

A

Authoritarian Parenting

44
Q

parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behaviors
- “you know you should not have done that; let’s talk about how you can handle the situation better next time”

A

Authoritative Parenting

45
Q

characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life

A

Neglectful Parenting

46
Q

characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behavior

A

Permissive Parenting

47
Q

transitional period from adolescence to adulthood (18-25 years of age)

A

Emerging Adulthood

48
Q

social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both, or neither

A

Gender

49
Q

person’s inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of being male, female, both, or neither

A

Gender Identity

50
Q

direction of an individuals erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-gender relations

A

Sexual Orientation

51
Q

roles that reflect that society’s expectations for how people of different genders should think, act, and feel

A

Gender Role

52
Q

the idea that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different

A

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

53
Q

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

A

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

54
Q

person’s moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of a behavior and on punishments/rewards from the external world

A

Preconventional Morality

55
Q

person abides by standards learned from parents or society’s laws

A

Conventional Morality

56
Q

person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code

A

Postconventional Morality

57
Q

behavior that is intended to benefit other people

A

Prosocial Behavior

Psychology (12 decks)

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