Chapter 10 - Personality Flashcards
pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way a person adapts to the world
Personality
theoretical views emphasizing the personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Id, Ego, Superego, Defense Mechanisms
Psychodynamic Perspectives
part of the person that Freud called the “it”, consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy (what would be pleasurable)
Id
freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality
Ego
freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of the individual’s behavior; often referred to as conscience (determines right and wrong)
Superego
tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Defense Mechanisms
denial, displacement, repression
Defense Mechanisms
ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities
Denial
directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target
Displacement
pushes unacceptable impulses into the unconscious mind (most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism)
Repression
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
- birth to 18 months
- infant’s pleasure center on the mouth (chewing, sucking, biting)
Oral Stage
- 18 to 36 months
- during a time when most children are experiencing toilet training
Anal Stage
- 3 to 6 years
- “phallus” means “penis” and pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable
Phallic Stage
- 6 years to puberty
- not a development stage but a kind of psychic time-out; the child sets aside all interest in sexuality
Latency Period
- adolescence and adulthood
- sexual reawakening, a point when the sources of sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside the family
Genital Stage
theoretical views stressing a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
Humanistic Perspectives
unconditional positive regard, conditions of worth, self-concept
Humanistic Perspectives
roger’s construct referring to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of their behavior
Unconditional Positive Regard
standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others
Conditions of Worth
our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become
Self-Concept
ex., if you are setting up a friend on a blind date, you are likely to describe the person in terms of traits or stable personality characteristics
Trait Perspectives
theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristics responses
Trait Theories
broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality
Big Five Factors of Personality (OCEAN)
openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion
Big Five Factors of Personality (OCEAN)
related to liberal values, open-mindedness, tolerance, creativity, and the capacity to experience awe
Openness to Experience
key predictor of positive outcomes in a variety of life domains
Conscientiousness
related to generosity and altruism, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic relationships
Agreeableness
to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in ones daily life
Neuroticism
more likely than others to engage in social activities
Extraversion
personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
Social Cognitive Perspectives
behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
reciprocal determinism, internal locus, external locus, self-efficacy
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality
Reciprocal Determinism
coming from inside the person (you believe you are in command of your choices and behaviors)
Internal Locus
coming from outside the person (you can’t predict how things will go because so many factors influence performance)
External Locus
belief that one can master a situation and produce positive changes
Self-Efficacy
method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits
Self-Report Test
empirically keyed test, minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI), face validity
Self-Report Tests
type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way
Empirically Keyed Test
most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring
Face Validity
presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it
Projective Test
rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test (TAT)
Projective Tests
famous projective test that uses an individual’s personality of inkblots to determine their personality
Rorschach Inkblot Test
projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
