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Psychology > Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, Language > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, Language Flashcards

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1
Q

how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing

A

Cognitive

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2
Q

focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people

A

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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3
Q

manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner

A

Thinking

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4
Q

mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics

A

Concepts

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5
Q

when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that items properties

A

Prototype Model

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6
Q

finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is now readily available
- overcoming mental obstacles and developing expertise

A

Problem Solving

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7
Q

subgoals, algoriths, heuristics, functional fixedness

A

Problem Solving

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8
Q

intermediate goals or intermediate problems to solve that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal/solution

A

Subgoals

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9
Q

strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem

A

Algoriths

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10
Q

shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer

A

Heuristics

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11
Q

individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a things usual functions

A

Functional Fixedness

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12
Q

mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
- problem solving and decision making

A

Reasoning

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13
Q

inductive and deductive

A

Types of Reasoning

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14
Q

reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations (how we form beliefs about the world)

A

Inductive Reasoning

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15
Q

reasoning from a general that we know to be true to a specific instance (based on logic and facts)

A

Deductive Reasoning

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16
Q

involves evaluation alternatives and choosing among them

A

Decision Making

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17
Q

loss aversion, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, availability heuristic, base rate neglect, representativeness heurisitic

A

Types of Decision Making

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18
Q

tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains
- weight potential loses more heavily than potential gains

A

Loss Aversion

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19
Q

tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them (evidence that our personal views are correct)

A

Confirmation Bias

20
Q

tenedency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome
- “I knew it all long”

A

Hindsight Bias

21
Q

prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining

A

Availability Heuristic

22
Q

tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information

A

Base Rate Neglect

23
Q

tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information

A

Representativeness Heuristic

24
Q

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
- vital to effective problem solving

A

Critical Thinking

25
Q

being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities

A

Mindfulness

26
Q

ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and devise unconventional solutions to problems

A

Creative Thinking

27
Q

produces many solutions to the same problem

A

Divergent Thinking

28
Q

produced the single best solution to a problem

A

Convergent Thinking

29
Q

ability to do well on cognitive tasks, solve problems, and learn from experiences

A

Intelligence

30
Q

IQ, validity, reliability, normal distribution, culture-fair-tests, gifted, intellectual disability

A

Intelligence

31
Q

psychologists measure intelligence using tests that produce a score

A

IQ (intelligence quotient)

32
Q

a test measures what it is intended to measure

A

Validity

33
Q

a test gives a consistent, producible measure of performance

A

Reliability

34
Q

symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

A

Normal Distribution

35
Q

intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased

A

Culture-Fair-Tests

36
Q

people with high intelligence

A

Gifted

37
Q

condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has low cognitive abilities and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

A

Intellectual Disability

38
Q

Robert Sternburg says that intelligence comes in three forms
- analytical
- creative
- practical

A

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

39
Q

form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signaled, that is based on a system of symbols

A

Communication

40
Q

combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

A

Syntax

41
Q

meaning of words and sentences in a particular language

A

Semantics

42
Q

Chomsky’s theory of language development

A

Biological Influences

43
Q

argued that humans come into the world biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way

A

Biological Influences

44
Q

nature effect

A

Noam Chomsky

45
Q

language learning is part of…

A

Environmental Influences

46
Q

argued that language represents nothing more than chains of responses acquired through reinforcement

A

Environmental Influences

47
Q

nuture effect

A

B.F. Skinner

Psychology (12 decks)

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