Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, Language Flashcards
how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
Cognitive
focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner
Thinking
mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
Concepts
when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that items properties
Prototype Model
finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is now readily available
- overcoming mental obstacles and developing expertise
Problem Solving
subgoals, algoriths, heuristics, functional fixedness
Problem Solving
intermediate goals or intermediate problems to solve that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal/solution
Subgoals
strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
Algoriths
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
Heuristics
individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a things usual functions
Functional Fixedness
mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
- problem solving and decision making
Reasoning
inductive and deductive
Types of Reasoning
reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations (how we form beliefs about the world)
Inductive Reasoning
reasoning from a general that we know to be true to a specific instance (based on logic and facts)
Deductive Reasoning
involves evaluation alternatives and choosing among them
Decision Making
loss aversion, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, availability heuristic, base rate neglect, representativeness heurisitic
Types of Decision Making
tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains
- weight potential loses more heavily than potential gains
Loss Aversion
tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them (evidence that our personal views are correct)
Confirmation Bias
tenedency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome
- “I knew it all long”
Hindsight Bias
prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining
Availability Heuristic
tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information
Base Rate Neglect
tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information
Representativeness Heuristic
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
- vital to effective problem solving
Critical Thinking
