Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, Language Flashcards
how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
Cognitive
focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner
Thinking
mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
Concepts
when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that items properties
Prototype Model
finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is now readily available
- overcoming mental obstacles and developing expertise
Problem Solving
subgoals, algoriths, heuristics, functional fixedness
Problem Solving
intermediate goals or intermediate problems to solve that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal/solution
Subgoals
strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
Algoriths
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
Heuristics
individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a things usual functions
Functional Fixedness
mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
- problem solving and decision making
Reasoning
inductive and deductive
Types of Reasoning
reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations (how we form beliefs about the world)
Inductive Reasoning
reasoning from a general that we know to be true to a specific instance (based on logic and facts)
Deductive Reasoning
involves evaluation alternatives and choosing among them
Decision Making
loss aversion, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, availability heuristic, base rate neglect, representativeness heurisitic
Types of Decision Making
tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains
- weight potential loses more heavily than potential gains
Loss Aversion
tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them (evidence that our personal views are correct)
Confirmation Bias
tenedency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome
- “I knew it all long”
Hindsight Bias
prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining
Availability Heuristic
tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information
Base Rate Neglect
tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information
Representativeness Heuristic
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
- vital to effective problem solving
Critical Thinking
being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities
Mindfulness
ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and devise unconventional solutions to problems
Creative Thinking
produces many solutions to the same problem
Divergent Thinking
produced the single best solution to a problem
Convergent Thinking
ability to do well on cognitive tasks, solve problems, and learn from experiences
Intelligence
IQ, validity, reliability, normal distribution, culture-fair-tests, gifted, intellectual disability
Intelligence
psychologists measure intelligence using tests that produce a score
IQ (intelligence quotient)
a test measures what it is intended to measure
Validity
a test gives a consistent, producible measure of performance
Reliability
symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
Normal Distribution
intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased
Culture-Fair-Tests
people with high intelligence
Gifted
condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has low cognitive abilities and has difficulty adapting to everyday life
Intellectual Disability
Robert Sternburg says that intelligence comes in three forms
- analytical
- creative
- practical
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signaled, that is based on a system of symbols
Communication
combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Syntax
meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
Semantics
Chomsky’s theory of language development
Biological Influences
argued that humans come into the world biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way
Biological Influences
nature effect
Noam Chomsky
language learning is part of…
Environmental Influences
argued that language represents nothing more than chains of responses acquired through reinforcement
Environmental Influences
nuture effect
B.F. Skinner
