Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 1

acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

learning that certain events happen together

Answer 2

Associative Learning

Question 3

process of learning associations

Answer 3

Conditioning

Question 4

neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
- ex., seeing a scary movie and feeling fear, then seeing a clown in a scary movie and feeling fear, then seeing a clown itself and feeling fear

Answer 4

Higher-Order Conditioning

Question 5

learning to associate two things and respond involuntarily

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning

Question 6

you do nothing to cause the two things to happen together

Answer 6

Passive (Classical Conditioning)

Question 7

poked a hole in the cheek of a dog and attached a tube so he could measure the salivary response of dogs
- the ringing of a bell and dinner

Answer 7

Ivan Pavlov Experiment

Question 8

response now caused by a conditioned stimulus
- learning has occured

Answer 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 9

neutral stimulus that comes to cause a conditioned response

Answer 9

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 10

the automatic response

Answer 10

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Question 11

stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Answer 11

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 12

stimulus that at first has no response
- always becomes the conditioned response (CR)

Answer 12

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Question 13

tendency to respond to a stimulus similar but not identical to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

Generalization

Question 14

learned ability to detect differences in stimuli

Answer 14

Discrimination

Question 15

• john watson took a white rat and put it in front of a little kid
• the watson made a loud bang sound which made the kid cry
• he then put the white rat in front of the little kid while he made the bang sound
• that then made the little kid fear white rats and other fury animals whenever he saw them

Answer 15

Little Albert Experiment

Question 16

learning to associate a behavior we do voluntarily with it’s consequence (reward or punishment)

Answer 16

Operant Conditioning

Question 17

you do something to make the environment respond to you

Answer 17

Active (Operant Conditioning)

Question 18

reinforcing, neutral, punishing

Answer 18

Environmental Responses

Question 19

part of reinforcing…
- unlearned, innately reinforcing
- ex., snacks, food, air

Answer 19

Primary Reinforcer

Question 20

part of reinforcing…
- learning association with primary reinforcer
- ex., money, grades

Answer 20

Conditioned Reinforcer

Question 21

rewarding a desired response to encourage it to happen again

Answer 21

Positive Reinforcement

Question 22

rewarding someone by taking something away
- ex., taking medicine

Answer 22

Negative Reinforcement

Question 23

doing something unpleasant to decrease a target behavior
- ex., bad grade, physical pain

Answer 23

Positive Punishment

Question 24

removing something pleasant to stop/decrease a behavior
- ex., grounding, speeding ticket

Answer 24

Negative Punishment

Question 25

timing, consistency, intensity

Answer 25

Effective Punishment

Question 26

after a period of unpleasant consequences, one learned to believe he/she has no control

Answer 26

Learned Helplessness

Question 27

rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

Answer 27

Throndike’s Law of Effect

Question 28

reinforcing behaviors increasingly closer to target behavior

Answer 28

Shaping

Question 29

acquiring new behaviors and information by observing events and others behaviors
- using language to learn about others experiences rather than by direct experience

Answer 29

Cognition Learning

Question 30

learning by watching and imitating others

Answer 30

Observational Learning

Question 31

learning that doesn’t affect behavior (until needed)

Answer 31

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