Chapter 5 - Learning Flashcards
acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Learning
learning that certain events happen together
Associative Learning
process of learning associations
Conditioning
neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
- ex., seeing a scary movie and feeling fear, then seeing a clown in a scary movie and feeling fear, then seeing a clown itself and feeling fear
Higher-Order Conditioning
learning to associate two things and respond involuntarily
Classical Conditioning
you do nothing to cause the two things to happen together
Passive (Classical Conditioning)
poked a hole in the cheek of a dog and attached a tube so he could measure the salivary response of dogs
- the ringing of a bell and dinner
Ivan Pavlov Experiment
response now caused by a conditioned stimulus
- learning has occured
Conditioned Response (CR)
neutral stimulus that comes to cause a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
the automatic response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that at first has no response
- always becomes the conditioned response (CR)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
tendency to respond to a stimulus similar but not identical to a conditioned stimulus
Generalization
learned ability to detect differences in stimuli
Discrimination
- john watson took a white rat and put it in front of a little kid
- the watson made a loud bang sound which made the kid cry
- he then put the white rat in front of the little kid while he made the bang sound
- that then made the little kid fear white rats and other fury animals whenever he saw them
Little Albert Experiment
learning to associate a behavior we do voluntarily with it’s consequence (reward or punishment)
Operant Conditioning
you do something to make the environment respond to you
Active (Operant Conditioning)
reinforcing, neutral, punishing
Environmental Responses
part of reinforcing…
- unlearned, innately reinforcing
- ex., snacks, food, air
Primary Reinforcer
part of reinforcing…
- learning association with primary reinforcer
- ex., money, grades
Conditioned Reinforcer
rewarding a desired response to encourage it to happen again
Positive Reinforcement
rewarding someone by taking something away
- ex., taking medicine
Negative Reinforcement
doing something unpleasant to decrease a target behavior
- ex., bad grade, physical pain
Positive Punishment
removing something pleasant to stop/decrease a behavior
- ex., grounding, speeding ticket
Negative Punishment
timing, consistency, intensity
Effective Punishment
after a period of unpleasant consequences, one learned to believe he/she has no control
Learned Helplessness
rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur
Throndike’s Law of Effect
reinforcing behaviors increasingly closer to target behavior
Shaping
acquiring new behaviors and information by observing events and others behaviors
- using language to learn about others experiences rather than by direct experience
Cognition Learning
learning by watching and imitating others
Observational Learning
learning that doesn’t affect behavior (until needed)
Latent Learning
