Chapter 5 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

A

Learning

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2
Q

learning that certain events happen together

A

Associative Learning

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3
Q

process of learning associations

A

Conditioning

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4
Q

neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
- ex., seeing a scary movie and feeling fear, then seeing a clown in a scary movie and feeling fear, then seeing a clown itself and feeling fear

A

Higher-Order Conditioning

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5
Q

learning to associate two things and respond involuntarily

A

Classical Conditioning

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6
Q

you do nothing to cause the two things to happen together

A

Passive (Classical Conditioning)

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7
Q

poked a hole in the cheek of a dog and attached a tube so he could measure the salivary response of dogs
- the ringing of a bell and dinner

A

Ivan Pavlov Experiment

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8
Q

response now caused by a conditioned stimulus
- learning has occured

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

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9
Q

neutral stimulus that comes to cause a conditioned response

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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10
Q

the automatic response

A

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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11
Q

stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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12
Q

stimulus that at first has no response
- always becomes the conditioned response (CR)

A

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

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13
Q

tendency to respond to a stimulus similar but not identical to a conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization

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14
Q

learned ability to detect differences in stimuli

A

Discrimination

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15
Q
  • john watson took a white rat and put it in front of a little kid
  • the watson made a loud bang sound which made the kid cry
  • he then put the white rat in front of the little kid while he made the bang sound
  • that then made the little kid fear white rats and other fury animals whenever he saw them
A

Little Albert Experiment

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16
Q

learning to associate a behavior we do voluntarily with it’s consequence (reward or punishment)

A

Operant Conditioning

17
Q

you do something to make the environment respond to you

A

Active (Operant Conditioning)

18
Q

reinforcing, neutral, punishing

A

Environmental Responses

19
Q

part of reinforcing…
- unlearned, innately reinforcing
- ex., snacks, food, air

A

Primary Reinforcer

20
Q

part of reinforcing…
- learning association with primary reinforcer
- ex., money, grades

A

Conditioned Reinforcer

21
Q

rewarding a desired response to encourage it to happen again

A

Positive Reinforcement

22
Q

rewarding someone by taking something away
- ex., taking medicine

A

Negative Reinforcement

23
Q

doing something unpleasant to decrease a target behavior
- ex., bad grade, physical pain

A

Positive Punishment

24
Q

removing something pleasant to stop/decrease a behavior
- ex., grounding, speeding ticket

A

Negative Punishment

25
timing, consistency, intensity
Effective Punishment
26
after a period of unpleasant consequences, one learned to believe he/she has no control
Learned Helplessness
27
rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur
Throndike's Law of Effect
28
reinforcing behaviors increasingly closer to target behavior
Shaping
29
acquiring new behaviors and information by observing events and others behaviors - using language to learn about others experiences rather than by direct experience
Cognition Learning
30
learning by watching and imitating others
Observational Learning
31
learning that doesn't affect behavior (until needed)
Latent Learning