Chapter 6 - Memory Flashcards
process of taking in information from the world around us, processing it, storing it, and later recalling that information
Memory
elaborative rehearsal (thinking and relating information to your own experiences to try and encode the information into long-term memory)
Deep Processing
maintenance rehearsal (repeating something over and over)
Shallow Processing
sensory, short-term, long-term memory
Storage
stage where information coming into your sensory system and encoded
Sensory Memory
echoic memory
- when someone calls your name and you say “what” because you think you didn’t hear them but then you actually process and know what they said
Auditory
iconic memory
- playing with sparklers and seeing the light trails but it’s just your memory seeing light
Visual
stage where information is acted upon/processed
Short-Term Memory
putting series of numbers in sections to better help remember
- social security #
- phone #
Chunking
small amount of information that can be held in the mind and used in execution of cognitive tasks
Working Memory
component of working memory model that details with auditory information, repeating something over and over
- ex., saying a telephone # numerous times to memorize before dialing it
Phonological Loop
our ability temporarily to hold visual and spatial information
- ex., drive from grocery store back home
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
responsible for controlled processing in working memory (maintaining task goals, decision making, memory retrieval)
- controls phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
Central Executive
stage where further encoded until you want to retrieve it
Long-Term Memory
memories that you are consciously thinking about and the ones that are easy to talk about
Explicit Memory
semantic and episodic
Explicit Memory
memories for facts
- ex., the sky is blue, the grass is green
Semantic
memories for your own life experiences
- ex., movie/tv show you’ve seen
Episodic
harder memories to talk about
Implicit Memory
procedural and priming
Implicit Memory
motor skill memories
- ex., drive a car, tie your shoes, play your sport)
Procedural
exposure to stimulus influences responses to later stimulus without awareness of or an ability to recall the specific prime
- ex., the color yellow invoking faster response to banana than television
Priming
recognition and recall
Retrieval
the answer is there and all you have to do is identify it
- ex., multiple choice test
Recognition
ex., open ended questions or discussion boards
Recall
- ex., being told by your teachers if you chew gum during class to chew gum during tests
- ex., sitting in the same seat all year
- ex., thinking of sad events leads you to think of other sad events
Context Dependent Memory
memory for ones personal history
Autobiographical Memory
mind wants to hide it from you in order to cope (ex., scary or traumatic event happened)
Motivated Forgetting
something is happening to you that is so intense or memorable and it’s like something went off for you to remember all the details (ex., 9/11)
Flashbulb Memory
recall items at the beginning and end of a list rather than from the middle
Serial Position Effect
primary and recency
Serial Position Effect
recalling things better at the beginning of a list
Primary
recalling things better at the end of a list
Recency
forgetting due to brain injury, disease, or psychoactive substances (can impact any type of memory)
Amnesia
something (memories) that wears away over time
Decay Theory
2 memories “competing” against each other and only one sticks
- ex., taking spanish in high school and then taking italian in college and mixing the 2 up
Interference Theory
- ex., remembering the story, music, characters, of a movie but forgetting the actual move name
- ex., forgetting someones name but knowing a lot about them
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
forgetting information over the course of time if you don’t review it
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
process by which information gets into memory storage
Encoding
formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding
- like creating a spider web of links between new info and info you already knew
Elaboration
focusing on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring others
Selective Attention
ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over a longer period of time
Sustained Attention
