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Biology 101: General Biology > Chapter 8: Genetics: Mendel & Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Genetics: Mendel & Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Maternal and Paternal chromosome pair

A

Gene

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2
Q

Human have

A

23 pairs of chromosomes = (46 individual chromosomes) and two copies of each gene

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3
Q

Maternal gamete: egg + Paternal gamete: sperm

A

Gametes unite during fertilization

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4
Q

Each human gamete has just

A

One copy of each chromosome and, thus, one copy of each gene

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5
Q

Child inherit one set of

A

Chromosomes from each parent and thus two copies of each gene

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6
Q

Heredity (inheritance)

A

Passing characteristics parents to offspring by sexual reproduction

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7
Q

Variation in traits (characteristics) via alleles

A

Different versions of a gene

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8
Q

Some trait are controlled by

A

Just one gene (single-gene traits) and most are multifactorial and eye colors

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9
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Discovered rules of inheritance decades before modern understanding of genetics

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10
Q

Working with pea plants, realized characters had

A

Particular forms (traits) (white/purple, tall/short)

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11
Q

Looking for heritable traits:

A

Traits passed from parents to offspring

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12
Q

True breeding traits (a plant that always produces)

A

Offspring like it

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13
Q

Generally, crossed parental generation (P) to produce

A

1st filial generation (F1), which then self-pollinate to 2nd filial generation (F2)

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14
Q

F1 plants exhibiting one trait sometimes produced

A

Offspring (F2) with another trait

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15
Q

F1 plants exhibiting one trait sometimes produced

A

Offspring (F2) with another trait

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16
Q

Dominant (capital letters) and recessive (lower case letters) version of traits

A

Dominant will express over recessive and trait along with it

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17
Q

Accepting particulate theory: If no blending occurs, inheritance must be through

A

Discrete units (particles), must get one from each parent and can pass on either to offspring

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18
Q

Gene

A

Unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA found on a chromosome at the locus (loci)

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19
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of a gene

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20
Q

Genome

A

All of the genes in an individual

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21
Q

Allele: If you carry two copies of a gene (2 allele)

A

1) You must be diploid (1 copy = haploid)
2) You could carry different copies (heterozygous)
3) You could carry the same copy (homozygous) and they could be dominant or recessive

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22
Q

The genes you carry =

A

Genotype

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23
Q

The traits you exhibit =

A

Phenotype

24
Q

Mendel law: First law:

A

The law of segregation

25
Q

Gametes will always get

A

1 of the 2 copies (alleles) that the parent has (via meisois)

26
Q

In a cross between true breeding parents:

A

AA x aa

27
Q

All offspring must have

A

Genotype Aa

28
Q

One character breeding =

A

Monohybrid cross

29
Q

Can use a Punnett square to

A

Estimate offspring genotypes and phenotypes

30
Q

A Punnett square is

A

Showing the probability (chance) of getting a particular genotype
1) Probability: 1 = 100%
2) Probability: 0 = 0%
3) Probability: 0.5 = 50%

31
Q

Should have 50% (0.5) chance of inheriting either allele of parent for

A

All genes

32
Q

Test crosses can

A

Determine genotype of an unknown organism (heterozygous or homozygous)

33
Q

Cross unknown (brown) with known (true-breeding)

A

Recessive white

34
Q

If unknown is homozygous, all progeny will be like

A

Unknown (brown)

35
Q

If unknown is heterozygous, only half of progeny will be like

A

Unknown (brown/white)

36
Q

Mendel’ laws: Second laws

A

The law of independent assortment

37
Q

Alleles are inherited

A

Independently of other alleles

38
Q

In a test cross of parents:

A

AaBb x AaBb

39
Q

Gametes are equally likely to get

A

Aa or AB (A and B are not influenced by each other)

40
Q

Two character breeding

A

Dihybrid cross

41
Q

Independent assortment: Generally true

A

Make recombinant phenotypes (some of mom and some of dad)

42
Q

Independent assortment happens

A

If genes are unlinked

43
Q

In some cases, genes that are

A

Physically close together (their loci are near each other), tend to get inherited together (linked)

44
Q

Chromosome are independently assorted, but

A

Genes might not be

45
Q

When trait is recessive, can have

A

Carriers (non-affected individuals who can pass on the allele)

46
Q

One good copy can mask

A

The presence of a bad copy

47
Q

Two bad copies expresses

A

The trait

48
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Trait carried on sex chromosomes

49
Q

Particular problem: If the problem is recessive, males are more likely to be

A

Affected (hemophilia and colorblindless)

50
Q

Sex-linked traits: Colorblindness

A

1) Recessive allele carried on the X-chromosome is non-functional
2) Relatively rare, since only need 1 functional copy to distinguish colors
3) Far more common in males than females
4) For a female to be colorblined, must inherit 2 colorblind alleles (thus dad must be colorblind and mon must be a carrier or colorblind)

51
Q

Dominance issues: Not all traits have

A

Simple expression

52
Q

Dominance issues: Incomplete dominance

A

Provides a middle (intermediate) phenotype

53
Q

Codominance

A

Equal expression of different alleles

54
Q

Multiple alleles

A

1) Although individuals only carry 2 alleles, there may be more alleles available
2) Blood type alleles for O, A and B

55
Q

Polygeny/Pleiotropy: Unlike single-gene traits, many traits are influenced by

A

Multiple genes (polygenic)

56
Q

Reverse of polygeny =

A

Pleiotropy: one gene influencing multiple traits

57
Q

Nature vs Nurture: Environment can have a large role in

A

Translation between genotype and phenotype

Biology 101: General Biology (14 decks)

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