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Biology 101: General Biology > Chapter 2: Biological Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biological Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom is

A

The basic unit of matter

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2
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge (+), having mass

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3
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral (no charge), having mass

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4
Q

Electron

A

Negative charge (-), essentially no mass

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5
Q

Element

A

The substance that cannot be chemically broken down into any other substance
1) Ex: hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)
2) Life requires ~ 25 elements
3) Your body is almost entirely composed of 10 elements (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
4) 15 are trace elements, those found in very small concentration

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6
Q

Electron Shells (Level max)

A

1) Max 2 electrons on the inner shell
2) Max 8 electrons in the outermost shell

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7
Q

Octet rule

A

Atoms will gain or shed electrons to attain a full outermost shell

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8
Q

Atoms that lose or gain electrons become

A

Ions (charged atoms)

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9
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms held together

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10
Q

Compound

A

A molecule containing two or more elements

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11
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of electrons

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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Attraction of charges

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

1) Weak bonds that form between Hydrogen and other polar molecules
2) Weaker than ionic or covalent bonds
3) Hydrogen bonds cause many unusual properties and characteristics

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14
Q

Water is

A

an excellent solvent because it is polar

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15
Q

Hydrophilic molecules (water-loving) are

A

Polar & form hydrogen bonds; they are water-soluble

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16
Q

Hydrophobic molecules (water-hating) are

A

Non-polar & do not bond with water, and they are not water soluble

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17
Q

Solutions are formed when

A

Solutes are dissolved in solvents

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18
Q

If the solute increases H+ (hydrogen ion) it is an

A

Acids

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19
Q

If the solute reduces H+ it is a

A

Base

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20
Q

Rigid, crystalline structure as

A

Solid

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21
Q

As a liquid, H-bonds constantly break & form, pulling molecules in

A

More closely

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22
Q

Liquid water is

A

More dense than solid water

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23
Q

Ice floats, preventing what?

A

Bodies of water from freezing solid

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24
Q

The high specific heat energy is required to

A

Change temperature

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25
Q

Oceans store solar heat without

A

Large temperature changes

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26
Q

Oceans without temperature changes include:

A

1) Mild coastal climates
2) Life exists within a small temperature window

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27
Q

Also allows evaporative cooling

A

Aka sweating

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28
Q

Cohesion

A

1) “Gripping” of other water molecules via H-bonds
2) Makes it difficult to separate

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29
Q

Adhesion

A

1) “Gripping” of substances
2) Allows water transport against gravity

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30
Q

Surface tension

A

1) Difficulting of breaking the surface
2) Animal can walks in water

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31
Q

Macromolecules (Polymer)

A

Large molecules

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32
Q

Macromolecules (Monomers)

A

Composed of chains of monomers

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33
Q

Major macromolecule groups:

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic acids

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34
Q

Lipids aren’t macromolecules or polymers, but are necessary for, what?

A

For life

35
Q

Lipids aren’t macromolecules or polymers, but are necessary for, what?

A

For life

36
Q

Carbohydrates - Typically consist of C, H, and O

A

C-H bonds are easily broken to release energy

37
Q

Carbohydrates function

A

1) Fuel (energy source) for cellular functions
2) Flexible uses: immediate use, storage
3) Support cell structures (building materials)

38
Q

Simple (monosaccharides ) or, what else?

A

Complex (polysaccharides)

39
Q

Non-food structure roles

A

1) Chitin (the reason bugs and other invertebrates are crunchy)
2) Cellulose (plant cell walls) aka “fiber”

40
Q

Indigestible by most animals

A

Require microbes to chemically break down

41
Q

Lipids

A

Not formed from polymers
1) Unlike carbs, no distinct monomers
2) Categorized by behavior: Always hydrophobic (oily or greasy)

42
Q

Lipids including:

A

1) Fats
2) Sterols
3) Phospholipids

43
Q

Structure of Fat

A

All fats have a head + 2 or 3 tails

44
Q

Fat head =

A

glycerol

45
Q

Fat tails =

A

fatty acids

46
Q

2 tails =

A

diglyceride

47
Q

3 tails =

A

Triglyceride

48
Q

Uses of Fats Energy storage:

A

A molecule of fat has more than twice the energy of a molecule of carb or protein

49
Q

Uses of Fats Examples:

A

1) Blubber
2) Adipose tissue

50
Q

Uses of Fats because of the energy

A

Humans crave fats (milk)

51
Q

Types of Fats

A

Two different types:
1) Saturated fat
2) Unsaturated fat

52
Q

Saturated fat

A

Fatty acids filled with H

53
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Have one or more double bonds that cause kinks

54
Q

Anything that is partly hydrogenated has

A

Unsaturated fat with H added to it to improve the texture

55
Q

AKA trans fat

A

Increase bad cholesterol production; decrease good cholesterol

56
Q

Sterols

A

1) Crucial to growth & development
2) Modification of a basic 4-carbon ring structure
3) Cholesterol at high blood concentrations can attach to vessel walls, thickening or blocking
4) Necessary to form sex hormones

57
Q

Phospholipids

A

1) Necessary to form cell membranes
2) Similar in structure to fats, but have an extra phosphorus group on the glycerol head & 2 tails

58
Q

Proteins

A

1) 50% of cellular dry weight
2) Uses:
1. Structural support
2. Storage
3. Transport
4. Signaling (hormones)
5. Movement
6. Defense against the foreign substance
7. Enzymes

59
Q

Protein structure

A

Made of amino acids (AAs)
1) Organic molecules with a carboxyl and amino group + varying functional group
2) 20 AAs make up all proteins connected by covalent peptide bonds

60
Q

The Importance of Shape

A

For proteins to work, need the correct shape

61
Q

Denaturation

A

A protein loses its 3D structure

62
Q

Primary structure

A

AA sequence (order)

63
Q

Secondary structure

A

H-bond patterns

64
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Bending/folding

65
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Subunits

66
Q

Proteins structure is determined by

A

Genes, which are nucleic acids

67
Q

Store information

A

Blueprint

68
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of

A

Monomers known as nucleotides

69
Q

Nucleic Acids (two types):

A

1) Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
2) Ribonucleic acids (RNA)

70
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

A

Composed of sugar-phosphate backbone plus nitrogen-containing bases

71
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure information is stored by

A

1) Varying the sequence of bases
2) Bases in DNA:
1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Guanine (G)
4. Cytosine (C)

72
Q

DNA

A

1) Has a double helix structure (2 strands twisted together)
2) Held together by base-pair bonds (A-T and C-G)

73
Q

Strands are complementary:

A

The sequence is predictable between one strand and the other

74
Q

RNA

A

Differences between DNA/RNA

75
Q

Differences between DNA/RNA

A

1) RNA is a single strand
2) Extra oxygen on backbone
3) Exchanges T with U (Uracil)

76
Q

Lots of monosaccharides

A

++ Orange/red

77
Q

Some of the monosaccharides

A

+ Yellow/green

78
Q

No monosaccharides

A
  • Blue
79
Q

Positive starch

A

+ Blue/black

80
Q

Negative starch

A
  • Yellowish
81
Q

Positive protein (peptide bonds)

A

+ Violet

82
Q

Negative protein (peptide bonds)

A
  • Blue
83
Q

Positive fat

A

+ Bright/orange

84
Q

Negative fat

A
  • Dull red

Biology 101: General Biology (14 decks)

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