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Biology 101: General Biology > Chapter 7: Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosome

A

The structure that contains genetic information (DNA) and allows for transfer from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Sections of DNA that code for specific what?

A

Proteins = genes

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3
Q

DNA + proteins that assist in

A

Organizational structure = chromatin

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4
Q

Human have

A

46 chromosomes

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5
Q

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

A

1 copy from each parent

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6
Q

This makes us

A

Diploid (2 sets) not haploid (1 set)

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7
Q

Sister chromatids

A

In dividing cells, each chromosome has two sister chromatids connected at the centromere.

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8
Q

The cell cycle: Cell growth is regulated by

A

The cell cycle, divided into dividing and non-dividing (interphase) sections

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9
Q

Gap 1: Cell does

A

Its job, by growing and prepares

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10
Q

DNA synthesis (S-phase)

A

Copies of chromosomes are made

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11
Q

Gap 2: Further prep for

A

Cell division, including growth and checking DNA copies for errors

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

The general form of replication (growth, replacement)

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13
Q

Mitosis does not require genetic input from

A

Another organism, thus asexual

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14
Q

Step of mitosis

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase
5) Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pairs separate pulled to opposite poles in the cell

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18
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes uncoil, the new nucleus forms, cleavage into two daughter cells

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19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Splitting up of cytoplasm, replicating of organelles, final separation

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20
Q

Meiosis

A

Specialized type of cell division only for sexual reproduction and only found in diploid organisms

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21
Q

Two keys differences from mitosis

A

1) Meiosis reduces the genetic material found in daughter cells
2) Produces cells that are different from each other (allelic variations)

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22
Q

Steps of meiosis

A

1) Prophase 1
2) Metaphase 1
3) Anaphase 1
4) Telophase 1

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23
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades, crossing over occurs

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24
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

25
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes separate, pulled to opposite poles in the cell

26
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromatids form the new nucleus, cells separate, cytokinesis occurs

27
Q

Note the difference from mitosis

A

1) In mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells produced
2) In meiosis: 2 different, haploid daughter cells produced

28
Q

Steps of meiosis (Continued)

A

1) Prophase 2
2) Metaphase 2
3) Anaphase 2
4) Telophase 2

29
Q

Prophase 2

A

Chromosomes recondense

30
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell

31
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles of the cells

32
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosome uncoil, new nucleus forms, cytokinesis occurs

33
Q

Result of meiosis

A

Get 4 unique, haploid cells from 1 diploid cell

34
Q

These unique haploid cells are

A

Gametes (sex cells, sperm/eggs)

35
Q

Meiosis only occurs in the

A

Gonads, and is only for sexual reproduction

36
Q

In humans, there are

A

46 chromosomes total

37
Q

Because we are diploid organisms, there are

A

23 homologous pairs

38
Q

Each sperm or egg contains

A

23 chromosomes

39
Q

Female gametes are

A

Bigger than male gametes

40
Q

Male gametes tend to be

A

Motile have very little cytoplasm, and produce 4 equal daughter cells via meiosis

41
Q

Female gametes tend to be

A

Non-motile, with cytoplasm and divide unevenly to produce only one viable daughter cell via meiosis

42
Q

Why sexual reproduction?

A

1) Asexual reproduction
2) Sexual reproduction
3) Variability

43
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

More efficient, it allows parental DNA to be directly carried to the next generation (removing the risk of not finding a mate)

44
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

High variability
1) Crossing over creates unique allelic combinations
2) Shuffling of homologous adds variability
3) Fertilization (mixing of 2 individuals to create 1)

45
Q

Variability

A

Adaptation to change (beneficial for survival in a changing environment)

46
Q

Sex determination one of the 23 chromosomes in humans determines gender (male or female)

A

Female: XX (homozygous)
Male: XY (heterozygous)

47
Q

How do we know that no essential genetic information is

A

Carried on the Y chromosome

48
Q

In birds, heterozygous individuals are

A

Female

49
Q

Female is not

A

Default in all species

50
Q

In many insect species,

A

1) Haploid: Male
2) Diploid: Female

51
Q

In reptiles, the mother selects the sex of

A

Offspring by regulating nest temperature

52
Q

Chromosomal Irregularities

A

Nondisjunction

53
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Unbalanced division during meiosis causes polyploidy (more than 2 copies of a chromosome) or missing chromosomes

54
Q

Nondisjunction

A

1) Not necessarily fatal
2) Common in plants
3) In humans, extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome

55
Q

Sex chromosome issues

A

In human

56
Q

X-Turner syndrome

A

Express as underdeveloped females, typically sterile

57
Q

XXY-Klinefelter syndrome

A

Rarely diagnosed; requires reproductive assistance

58
Q

XYY-Jacobs syndrome

A

Very tall, acne-prone, speech/reading problems

59
Q

XXX Poly-X females

A

Normal appearance, motor, language delays possible

Biology 101: General Biology (14 decks)

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