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Biology 101: General Biology > Chapter 3/4: Cells & Membranes > Flashcards

Chapter 3/4: Cells & Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of life

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2
Q

Cell: self-contained structure capable of:

A

1) Replication
2) Maintenance

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3
Q

Cell theory

A

1) Everything living thing is composed of one or more cells
2) Cells come from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

Cells are Small (Usually)

A

1) Unknown until microscopes were available (mid-1600s)
2) Some cells are quite large though

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5
Q

Surface are-to-volume ratio definition

A

1) As an object gets larger, its surface area increases more slowly than its volume
2) Cells must be able to interact with the environment (exchange materials)

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6
Q

Two types of cells

A

1) Prokaryotes
2) Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Small and relatively simple (domain Bacteria and Archaea), single-celled organisms

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8
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Typically larger and have organelles (domain Eukarya; plant and animal cells), single or multicellular organism

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9
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer separating extracellular (outside) from intracellular (inside)
1. Necessary for homeostasis
2. Selectively permeable
3. Used in communication, and interaction with other cells

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10
Q

DNA

A

Found in nucleoid

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11
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid inside the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Ribosome

A

RNA/protein structures used for protein synthesis

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13
Q

Prokaryotes (Optional structures)

A

1) Cell wall: (structure/protection)
2) Capsule: (defense) prevent dehydration, recognition
3) Flagella (movement)
4) Pili (attachment/transfer of materials)
5) Cytoskeleton (structure)

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14
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Compartmentalize by developing distinctive parts, eukaryotic cells isolate functions into distinct organelles

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15
Q

Origins of Eukaryotes

A

1) Endosymbiosis
2) Invagination

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16
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Absorption of one prokaryote by another forms a symbiotic relationship

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17
Q

Photosynthesis makes

A

More energy available and similar size, independent DNA, and fission

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18
Q

Invagination

A

Plasma membrane folded in on itself making a pocket’s that become specialized

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19
Q

The nucleus contains genetic materials (DNA)

A

Chromosome that contain genes (Instruction)

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

Responsible for producing rRNA

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21
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that covers the nucleus and controls access

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22
Q

Ribosome

A

Sites of protein construction

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23
Q

Free ribosome float in

A

The cytosol

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24
Q

Bound ribosomes are attached to

A

The endoplasmic reticulum and making it rough or bumpy

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25
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Have their own ribosomes

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26
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Bound ribosomes and production with modification of proteins

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27
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

No bound ribosomes

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28
Q

Metabolic processes

A

Synthesis of lipids, modification of drugs/poisons

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29
Q

Alcoholics/drug addicts have more

A

Smooth ER than non-users

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30
Q

Large in cells that produce, what?

A

Hormones

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31
Q

Golgi apparatus (body):

A

Transport hub (warehouse and shipping center of the cell

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32
Q

Golgi apparatus receives

A

Transport vesicles (bubbles of membrane holding some material)

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33
Q

Golgi apparatus modifies and produces some, what?

A

Molecules

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34
Q

Golgi apparatus produces, what?

A

Transport vesicles

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Bag of digestive enzymes

36
Q

Lysosomes used to

A

Digest/recycle macromolecules, phagocytosis like cellular eating

37
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycling of cellular material

38
Q

Vacuoles

A

Compartments filled with aqueous solutions (large vesicles)

39
Q

Eukaryotic storage

A

Waste, toxins, or distasteful substances

40
Q

Eukaryotic structure

A

Central vacuoles (plants)

41
Q

Eukaryotic digestion

A

Food Vacuoles

42
Q

Eukaryotic regulation

A

Contractile vacuoles

43
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Maintain water balance

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy conversion (from chemical bonds into ATP) via cellular respiration

45
Q

Mitochondria have double-layered of what?

A

Organelle

46
Q

Mitochondria density and size vary with

A

Cell type

47
Q

Plastids

A

Specialized group of plant organelles

48
Q

Chloroplast

A

For photosynthesis, green color from chlorophyll and similar to mitochondria with double membrane design

49
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A fiber network extending across the cytoplasm key to cell organization, movement

50
Q

Composed of 3 fiber types

A

1) Microtubules
2) Microfilarments
3) Intermediate filaments

51
Q

Cilia

A

Short, numerous structures hair like

52
Q

In multicellular organisms can help move, what?

A

Extracellular material

53
Q

Flagella

A

Longer structure, often single or in pairs used to propel the organism

54
Q

Extracellular structure

A

1) Outside the plasma membrane: Extracellular
2) Inside the plasma membrane: Intracellular

55
Q

Plant cell walls

A

1) Provide a rigid frame of support, shape
2) Protect contents of cell

56
Q

Animal cells do not have walls

A

1) Extracellular matrix containing collagen (proteins) & proteoglycans (sugars)
2) Provide adhesion, protection, communication, movement, & certain physical properties

57
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates the intracellular from the extracellular

58
Q

Selective permeability

A

Allows some substances to cross but not others (regardless of size)
1) This allows the inside of the cell to be different from the outside
2) Necessary to get nutrient in and waste out

59
Q

Phospholipids have both

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions and form a bilayer sandwich

60
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Not a solid, inflexible barrier

61
Q

Cholesterol helps

A

Stabilize and maintain membrane flexibility at normal temperatures and surface proteins move freely

62
Q

Receptors

A

Receive extracellular information

63
Q

Recognition

A

Identification (typically of non-self cells)

64
Q

Carbohydrate chains also are used for

A

Cell recognition

65
Q

Transport

A

Allow large molecules to enter/exit the cell

66
Q

Enzymes

A

Enhance reactions on the inner or outer membrane surface

67
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires no energy; dependent on molecular motion

68
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy; independent of molecular motion

69
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration (moving down a concentration gradient)

70
Q

Solute

A

The molecule (particle) of interest must be dissolved in a liquid or gas

71
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid or gas that the solute is dissolved in

72
Q

Types of diffusion

A

1) Simple
2) Facilitated

73
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Unassisted movement (either no barrier or crossing membrane alone)

74
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Assisted (non-energy requiring) movement across a membrane (generally using a transport protein)

75
Q

Osmosis

A

A specific type of diffusion only referring to the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

76
Q

Tonicity

A

The concentration of extracellular to intracellular solutions

77
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher solute concentration

78
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower solute concentration

79
Q

Isotonic

A

Inside and outside are equal

80
Q

Primary active transport

A

Use ATP directly to move molecules across a membrane

81
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Use indirect energy to move molecules across a membrane

82
Q

Molecules too large to move through the membrane enter/exit via, what?

A

Endocytosis or exocytosis

83
Q

Bubbles of membrane containing

A

Material too large or otherwise incapable of physically crossing the membrane

Biology 101: General Biology (14 decks)

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