Chapter 12: Protista, Plants, and Fungi Flashcards
The eukaryotic domain of four kingdoms
1) Protista
2) Plantae
3) Fungi
4) Animalia
Eukaryotes arose ~ 2.5 bya and had
Larger sizes, organelles/nucleus, sexual reproduction, multicellularity (sometimes)
Protista
Highly variable: defined as eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
Most protists are
Single-celled and microscopic
Multiple metabolic pathways
Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs (opportunistic)
Effect of Protista:
- Some are pathogens
- Toxic algal blooms
- Malaria - Some are useful
-Decomposers, digestion assisters (ruminants)
-Foundation of marine food chains (plankton)
-Oxygen production
Plants are
Terrestrial, multicellular eukaryotic photoautotrophs
Plants have evolved from
Water-based algae ancestors, making major structural adaptations to live out of water
The reproductive structure contains:
Spores and gametes
Leaf perform
Photosynthesis
Cuticle reduces
Water loss
Stomata regulate
Gas exchange
Shoot support
Plants
Surrounding water supports what part of the plant?
Alga
The whole alga performs
Photosynthesis absorb water, CO2, and mineral from the water
Roots anchor plant:
Absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by fungi)
Roots
Underground, and utilized in gathering mineral plus water resources from the ground
Symbiotic relationship with fungi (mycorrhizae) to
Maximize absorption and transport up via xylem
Shoots
Above ground; gather CO2 plus sunlight from the atmosphere
Leaves maximize surface area.
Transport sugars throughout plant via phloem
Flower maximize
Reproductive success
Vascular tissue including two what?
1) Phloem
2) Xylem
Four significant development in the evolution of plants
1) Becoming terrestrial
2) Developing vascular tissue
3) Seeds
4) Flowers
Four major taxa of plants
1) Bryophytes (mosses)
2) Pterophytes (ferns)
3) Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants)
4) Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants
Ferns
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Naked seed plants
Angiosperms
Flowering plant
Bryophytes
Waxy cuticle minimizes dehydrations
Bryophytes have no
Vascular tissue = very short
Bryophytes require water for
Sperm to find eggs; after fertilization produce spores
Very small haploid cell with tough outer covering that can
Develop into new plant
Only found in
Damp, shady regions
Pterophytes (Ferns)
1) Vascular tissue allows greater height
2) Water still required for sperm to find egg
3) Spores produced in sori
Gymnosperms
Extensive vascular tissue + woody tissue allows great height
Pollen
Small, light, non-motile, and sperm removes significant water barrier and generally win pollinated
Seeds vs spores allows
Better germination odds and the package embryo with food supply
Angiosperms
1) Flowering plant and hugely successful in modern time
Pollinators allows species
Specific transfer of gametes
Flower structure highly adaptable specialized to
Attract specific pollinators
Fruit production allows for
Reliable dispersal of seeds away from parent
Stamen
1) Anther
2) Filament
Carpel
1) Stigma
2) Style
3) Ovary
Top part of the plant: Petal
Ovule and sepal for the last two part
Human and plants
1) Extensive use of gymnosperms and angiosperms
Ex: Fuel, building material, paper, food, medicine, air filtration, O2 production
2) Modern life threatens many species with extinction
Fungi
Not plant, single, or multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs
Fungi 1
Not just mushroom either - yeast + molds too
Fungi consume nutrient via
Absorption, a form of extracellular digestion
Secrete digestive enzymes onto
Food source, then mop up smaller compounds
Fungi importance of
Decomposers in most ecosystems
Hyphae
Individual thin, thread-like strands that weave together to form mycelium which is mostly underground
Fungal cells have
Cell walls made of chitin (also seen in animals)
Reproduce sexually or asexually via
Many spores
Impacts of Fungi: Positive impact
1) Decomposers
2) Mycorrhizae
3) Food production
4) Medicine
Decomposers
Recycle nutrients making them available again
Mycorrhizae
Assist plant roots to more effectively take up water and essential minerals
Another classic example of
Symbiosis: lichen
Food/food production
Some edible versions; used in production of dairy products and alcoholic drinks
Medicine
Some fungi produce chemical compounds used medicinally or recreationally
Anatomy of tree bottom
1) Roots
2) Fungus
3) Root surrounded by fungus
4) Mycorrhizae: symbiotic associations of fungi and roots
Impacts of Fungi (Negative side)
1) Parasitic versions
2) Poisons
3) Rots
Parasitic versions
Many fungi are pathogenic (yeast infections, ringworm, Athletes’s root) and may be fatal
There are far more
Parasitizes plants than animals
Poisons
Many fungi are toxic
Rots
Crops/groceries go bad due to mold and other fungal infection
