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Biology 101: General Biology > Chapter 12: Protista, Plants, and Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Protista, Plants, and Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

The eukaryotic domain of four kingdoms

A

1) Protista
2) Plantae
3) Fungi
4) Animalia

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2
Q

Eukaryotes arose ~ 2.5 bya and had

A

Larger sizes, organelles/nucleus, sexual reproduction, multicellularity (sometimes)

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3
Q

Protista

A

Highly variable: defined as eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals

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4
Q

Most protists are

A

Single-celled and microscopic

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5
Q

Multiple metabolic pathways

A

Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs (opportunistic)

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6
Q

Effect of Protista:

A
  1. Some are pathogens
    - Toxic algal blooms
    - Malaria
  2. Some are useful
    -Decomposers, digestion assisters (ruminants)
    -Foundation of marine food chains (plankton)
    -Oxygen production
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7
Q

Plants are

A

Terrestrial, multicellular eukaryotic photoautotrophs

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8
Q

Plants have evolved from

A

Water-based algae ancestors, making major structural adaptations to live out of water

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9
Q

The reproductive structure contains:

A

Spores and gametes

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10
Q

Leaf perform

A

Photosynthesis

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11
Q

Cuticle reduces

A

Water loss

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12
Q

Stomata regulate

A

Gas exchange

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13
Q

Shoot support

A

Plants

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14
Q

Surrounding water supports what part of the plant?

A

Alga

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15
Q

The whole alga performs

A

Photosynthesis absorb water, CO2, and mineral from the water

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16
Q

Roots anchor plant:

A

Absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by fungi)

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17
Q

Roots

A

Underground, and utilized in gathering mineral plus water resources from the ground

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18
Q

Symbiotic relationship with fungi (mycorrhizae) to

A

Maximize absorption and transport up via xylem

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19
Q

Shoots

A

Above ground; gather CO2 plus sunlight from the atmosphere

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20
Q

Leaves maximize surface area.

A

Transport sugars throughout plant via phloem

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21
Q

Flower maximize

A

Reproductive success

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22
Q

Vascular tissue including two what?

A

1) Phloem
2) Xylem

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23
Q

Four significant development in the evolution of plants

A

1) Becoming terrestrial
2) Developing vascular tissue
3) Seeds
4) Flowers

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24
Q

Four major taxa of plants

A

1) Bryophytes (mosses)
2) Pterophytes (ferns)
3) Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants)
4) Angiosperms (flowering plants)

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25
Q

Bryophytes

A

Non-vascular plants

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26
Q

Ferns

A

Seedless vascular plants

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27
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Naked seed plants

28
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plant

29
Q

Bryophytes

A

Waxy cuticle minimizes dehydrations

30
Q

Bryophytes have no

A

Vascular tissue = very short

31
Q

Bryophytes require water for

A

Sperm to find eggs; after fertilization produce spores

32
Q

Very small haploid cell with tough outer covering that can

A

Develop into new plant

33
Q

Only found in

A

Damp, shady regions

34
Q

Pterophytes (Ferns)

A

1) Vascular tissue allows greater height
2) Water still required for sperm to find egg
3) Spores produced in sori

35
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Extensive vascular tissue + woody tissue allows great height

36
Q

Pollen

A

Small, light, non-motile, and sperm removes significant water barrier and generally win pollinated

37
Q

Seeds vs spores allows

A

Better germination odds and the package embryo with food supply

38
Q

Angiosperms

A

1) Flowering plant and hugely successful in modern time

39
Q

Pollinators allows species

A

Specific transfer of gametes

40
Q

Flower structure highly adaptable specialized to

A

Attract specific pollinators

41
Q

Fruit production allows for

A

Reliable dispersal of seeds away from parent

42
Q

Stamen

A

1) Anther
2) Filament

43
Q

Carpel

A

1) Stigma
2) Style
3) Ovary

44
Q

Top part of the plant: Petal

A

Ovule and sepal for the last two part

45
Q

Human and plants

A

1) Extensive use of gymnosperms and angiosperms
Ex: Fuel, building material, paper, food, medicine, air filtration, O2 production
2) Modern life threatens many species with extinction

46
Q

Fungi

A

Not plant, single, or multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs

47
Q

Fungi 1

A

Not just mushroom either - yeast + molds too

48
Q

Fungi consume nutrient via

A

Absorption, a form of extracellular digestion

49
Q

Secrete digestive enzymes onto

A

Food source, then mop up smaller compounds

50
Q

Fungi importance of

A

Decomposers in most ecosystems

51
Q

Hyphae

A

Individual thin, thread-like strands that weave together to form mycelium which is mostly underground

52
Q

Fungal cells have

A

Cell walls made of chitin (also seen in animals)

53
Q

Reproduce sexually or asexually via

A

Many spores

54
Q

Impacts of Fungi: Positive impact

A

1) Decomposers
2) Mycorrhizae
3) Food production
4) Medicine

55
Q

Decomposers

A

Recycle nutrients making them available again

56
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Assist plant roots to more effectively take up water and essential minerals

57
Q

Another classic example of

A

Symbiosis: lichen

58
Q

Food/food production

A

Some edible versions; used in production of dairy products and alcoholic drinks

59
Q

Medicine

A

Some fungi produce chemical compounds used medicinally or recreationally

60
Q

Anatomy of tree bottom

A

1) Roots
2) Fungus
3) Root surrounded by fungus
4) Mycorrhizae: symbiotic associations of fungi and roots

61
Q

Impacts of Fungi (Negative side)

A

1) Parasitic versions
2) Poisons
3) Rots

62
Q

Parasitic versions

A

Many fungi are pathogenic (yeast infections, ringworm, Athletes’s root) and may be fatal

63
Q

There are far more

A

Parasitizes plants than animals

64
Q

Poisons

A

Many fungi are toxic

65
Q

Rots

A

Crops/groceries go bad due to mold and other fungal infection

Biology 101: General Biology (14 decks)

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