Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Sociology > Chapter 8 - Ethnic & Race Relations > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Ethnic & Race Relations Flashcards

1
Q

Canada is considered one of the most ___________ societies in the world.

A

Multicultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a people’s assumed but socially significant physical or genetic characteristics?

A

Race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a category composed of me and women who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society deem socially important?

A

Race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is there a biologically pure race?

A

No, only 3 broad categorical types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage do our genes differ in?

A

6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a social distinction and relations among individuals and groups based on cultural characteristics?

A

Ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is race often used synonymously with?

A

Ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was the first to study ethnic groups?

A

Herodotus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which studies emphasize a shared sense of belonging?

A

First Ethnicity Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who proposed the idea of collective conscience?

A

Emile Durkheim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens when groups develop social solidarity on basis of shared moral values, collective conscience and leads to the differentiation between “us” and “them”?

A

Collective conscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Weber say about social groups?

A

Social group formation involves practices of inclusion and exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a monopolistic closure?

A

Members of the “in-group” have access to resources, while others are excluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did Weber have to say about ethnicity and race?

A

They are a source of common identity. Ethnicity involves common ethnic markers. Race denotes common identity based on biological heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do sociologists say about racialization today?

A

Racialization describes processes and practices by which biological characteristics come to define and differentiate social groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do the processes of racialization involve?

A

Social group labelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are hierarchal dichotomies?

A

Social positions of superiority and inferiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture?

A

Ethnocentrism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards?

A

Cultural relativism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another?

A

Racism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a biased characterizations of some category of people?

A

Stereotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a rigid or irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

A

Prejudice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a European colonialism way of categorizing people?

A

Race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a socially constructed category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

A

Minority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 major characteristics of a minority?

A

1) share a distinctive identity

2) occupy a subordinate status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are theories of prejudice?

A

1) scapegoat theory
2) authoritarian personality theory
3) cultural theory
4) conflict theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the theory that say disadvantaged people unfairly blame minorities for their own problems?

A

Scapegoat theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the prejudice theory about rigid moralists with little education who see things in black and white?

A

Authoritarian personality theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the theory suggesting that everyone has some prejudice because it is embedded in culture?

A

Cultural theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the prejudice theory pointing out self-justification for the rich and powerful in North America?

A

Conflict theory

31
Q

What is the prejudice theory that suggests we tend to isolate from people who are different?

A

Cultural theory

32
Q

What is an action that involves treating various categories of people unequally?

A

Discrimination

33
Q

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A

Prejudice - unequal/unfair thought

Discrimination - unequal/unfair action

34
Q

What term refers to bias in attitude or action inherent in the operation of a society’s institutions (racial profiling)?

A

Institutional prejudice and discrimination

35
Q

What for ways to Robert Merton suggest that prejudice and discrimination tend to combine?

A

1) active bigot
2) timid bigot
3) fair-weathered liberal
4) all-weather liberal

36
Q

What did Thomas theorem say that prejudice and discrimination form?

A

Vicious cycle

37
Q

What is the “two founding nations” thesis?

A

The idea of the Canada was founded by the British and French peoples. It is historically inaccurate

38
Q

What is a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct, but have social parity, such as Switzerland?

A

Pluralism

39
Q

What do residential schools, or attempts to assimilate the First Nations, actually amount to?

A

Cultural genocide

40
Q

Why was an influx of immigrants required in order to continue building Canada?

A

Abocide (extermination of a people) devastated indigenous populations

41
Q

What were early immigration policies based on?

A

Cultural compatibility

42
Q

What are the immigration acts?

A

They set terms for entrance groups, they are exclusionary policies aimed at those with health issues, disabilities, and unassimilable

43
Q

What was introduced in 1967 in the Canadian immigration policy to make it more objective?

A

The points system

44
Q

Which category of immigrants formed the largest class in 2015?

A

Economic immigrants

45
Q

Where do most immigrants tend to settle?

A

Urban versus rural areas

46
Q

Up until multiculturalism in 1971 what was Canadian society marked by?

A

Ethnocentrism

47
Q

What is a set of processes and social practises by which members of minority groups are fused into a dominant culture?

A

Assimilation

48
Q

What is acquiring the values of dominant groups, example residential schools?

A

Behavioural assimilation

49
Q

What is the integration of others in to Socio economic and political life?

A

Structural assimilation

50
Q

What refers to economic, political and social practises that define boundaries and set limits to ethnic and racial group relations?

A

Multiculturalism

51
Q

What is in practice in order to maintain social order or manage social change in Canada?

A

Multiculturalism

52
Q

What are the four dimensions of multiculturalism?

A

1) demographic fact
2) ideology based in cultural relativism, promoting tolerance and diversity to achieve national goals
3) terrain of competition among groups for economic and political resources
4) government programs that transform ideology into social initiatives

53
Q

What were factors in the emergence of multiculturalism in Canada?

A

Political pressure from ethnic groups for recognition, need to counterbalance western alienation and Quebec nationalism, and strategy to expand Liberal party support

54
Q

What was the original aim of the multicultural policy introduced by Trudeau in 1971?

A

Not to re-dress racism, discriminate, but to celebrate differences

55
Q

What did the multiculturalism act in 1988 introduce?

A

Instrumentalist approach to culture (economic resource)

56
Q

What has civic multiculturalism orient towards since 1990s?

A

Society building

57
Q

What did early criticisms of multiculturalism focus on?

A

Limited cultural nature, lack of addressing underlying inequalities, cultural barriers, lack of addressing socio-political struggles

58
Q

What have criticisms of multiculturalism since 1990s considered?

A

Reproduced ethnic stereotypes, weakened Canadian unity, Undermined special claims of Francophone and indigenous people

59
Q

What does multiculturalism normalize in regards to ethnic difference?

A

Diversity of cultures, customs as Canadian

60
Q

Why did Quebec criticize multiculturalism?

A

Saw it as a means to undermine Quebec nationalism, reducing status of French Canadians to just one of many ethnic groups

61
Q

What have Quebec government developed policies of in order to maintain their sense of nationalism?

A

Interculturalism - Recognizing French as language of public life, respects liberal-political values of rights, equality of opportunity and pluralism

62
Q

Why are indigenous people apprehensive of multiculturalism?

A

They have unique rights is the first inhabitants, in the constitution, and multiculturalism does not address their Socio-economic condition of living in poverty

63
Q

What challenges do the post 911 era bring for multiculturalism?

A

Multiculturalism supports cultures and religions that are intolerant and multiculturalism is a recipe for homegrown terrorism

64
Q

Where can racism often stem from?

A

Labour problems and competition for employment

65
Q

What is the term for members of dominant groups having better, high paying jobs, when minorities are found in low paying, less secure positions?

A

Split labour market

66
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

Operates in economic, educational, and political institutions

67
Q

What are impersonal, covert practises that penalize members of minorities?

A

Systemic discrimination

68
Q

What is a Canadian form of racism based on contradictions in conflict over social values?

A

Democratic racism

69
Q

What is ethnic and racial groups share in common values, histories, languages and geography?

A

Culturalism

70
Q

What is wealth, prestige, and power on equally distributed to intersecting hierarchies of class, gender, race, ethnicity?

A

Political economy

71
Q

Who developed the concept of a vertical music to describe intersection of ethnicity and social class and Canadian society?

A

Porter

72
Q

What is the idea of the vertical mosaic?

A

White people hold positions of power while coloured people are in lower positions

73
Q

Why is Canada said to be marked by a colour coded vertical mosaic?

A

Income inequality is between visible minorities and indigenous people and non-visible groups on the other

Intro to Sociology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions