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Intro to Sociology > Chapter 15 - Population, Urbanization, & the Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Population, Urbanization, & the Environment Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where do the majority of people live, cities or rural?

A

Cities

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2
Q

What is the study of the causes and consequences of the human population growth?

A

Demography

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3
Q

What is demography from a sociological perspective?

A

Study and analysis of populations, and how people move from place to place

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4
Q

Why are demographics of significant interest to police, health and social services?

A

1) identify special interest groups
2) identity ethnic diversity
3) identify and protects population growth
4) identify migrant and immigration population trends
5) identify crime trends

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5
Q

What does predicting population growth and decline have to do with police, health and teachers?

A

1) establish guidelines for authorized strength

2) helps nursing, teachers and police plan for new hires and retirement projections

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6
Q

What is a factor relied on by demographers?

A

Mortality rate

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7
Q

What is the number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people?

A

Crude birth rates

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8
Q

What is the number of deaths in a given year for every 1000 people?

A

Crude death rate

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9
Q

How are rates defined?

A

For every 1000 people

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10
Q

How often does a child die from starvation, undernutrition and disease?

A

Every 3.7 seconds

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11
Q

What is the average number of children per woman of one generation needed to maintain population size?

A

Replacement fertility rate

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12
Q

What is the number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age per 1000 live births in the same year?

A

Infant mortality rate

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13
Q

How old is a child classified as an infant?

A

Less than 1 year old

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14
Q

What is the median number of years a person can expect to live?

A

Life expectancy at birth

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15
Q

What are the different ways migration occurs?

A

1) immigration
2) emigration
3) internal migration

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16
Q

What is movement into a territory?

A

Immigration

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17
Q

What is movement within borders?

A

Internal migration

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18
Q

What is movement out of a territory?

A

Emigration

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19
Q

What is the difference between the number of immigrants and number of emigrants between two dates?

A

Net Migration

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20
Q

What is the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate?

A

Natural growth rate

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21
Q

Who suggested that as populations grow exponentially, food demand will also need to grow arithmetically?

A

Thomas Malthus

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22
Q

What prevent overpopulation by increasing the death rate?

A

Positive checks

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23
Q

What prevent overpopulation by limiting the number or survival of live births?

A

Preventative checks

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24
Q

Was Malthus correct in thinking that food supplies can only increase arithmetically?

A

No

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25
Q

Why was Marx critical of Malthus’ theory?

A

Population growth and expansion of wealth leads to greater social inequality and uneven distribution of resources

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26
Q

Who argued that as societies pass through different stages population growth naturally decreases?

A

Warren Thompson

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27
Q

What theory argues that as societies pass through different stages, population growth naturally decreases?

A

Demographic Transition Theory

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28
Q

Why do women live longer than men?

A

Less risky!

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29
Q

How are Canadian urban histories shaped by settler colonialism?

A

Urban development is influenced by national and international changes

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30
Q

What is the process by which a society is transformed from one organized around rural activities to one organized around urban activities?

A

Urbanism

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31
Q

What are the five different epochs of urban development in Canada?

A

1) mercantile era
2) urban development
3) industrial growth
4) spatial expansion
5) deindustrialization

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32
Q

Which epoch of urban development had lots of growth of with little pockets of communities around cities?

A

Spatial expansion

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33
Q

Which epoch of urban development occurred because of outsourcing, and manufacturing of goods in foreign countries?

A

Deindustrialization

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34
Q

Which epoch of urban development did cities emerge in?

A

Urban development

35
Q

Where is urban growth in Canadian cities now concentrated in?

A

Metropolitan areas that employ immigrants

36
Q

What sociological theories are used to explain transition towards urbanism?

A

1) functionalism
2) Chicago School of Sociology
3) conflict approach

37
Q

Who developed the idea of Geimenschaft and Gesellschaft?

A

Tönnies

38
Q

Which social situations in which people treat one another as ends rather than means?

A

Geimenschaft

39
Q

Which of the two typology used by Tönnies is found most often in rural life?

A

Geimenschaft

40
Q

What are social situations where those involved treat one another as means rather than ends?

A

Gesellschaft

41
Q

According to Tönnies, which relations are based primarily on calculation and individual interest, found in city life?

A

Gesellschaft

42
Q

Who was one of the first researchers to sense that life is a large city affects individuals both psychologically and emotionally quite differently?

A

Georg Simmel

43
Q

Who argued that urban life forced individuals to project themselves from reactions to many stimuli?

A

Simmel

44
Q

Who argued that North American cities lack community?

A

Ferdinand Tönnies

45
Q

Who argued that cities are collections of communities with their own subculture?

A

Claude S. Fischer

46
Q

Who views cities as humanity’s greatest social invention?

A

Max Weber

47
Q

Why did Tönnies argue that cities foster less social integration than small communities?

A

Because of their huge population size, variety and fluidity

48
Q

Who created a distinction between the rural urban typology, conceived as mechanical and organic solidarity?

A

Emile Durkheim

49
Q

Which type of solidarity is in rural life, and reflects social relations based on common bonds?

A

Mechanic

50
Q

Which type of solidarity is found in urban life, and reflects social relations based on specialization?

A

Organic

51
Q

What is concerned with industrialization and impact on cities, as well as effect on diversity on social order?

A

Chicago School of Psychology

52
Q

What theory defined a city as large, dense, heterogeneous individuals?

A

Louis Wirth’s “Urbanism as a Way of Life”

53
Q

Who argued that cities unavoidably foster less social integration or cohesion than smaller integration?

A

Louis Wirth

54
Q

Who viewed the city as a sociological laboratory?

A

Robert Park

55
Q

What were Robert Park’s two approaches to studying the city?

A

Ethnographic studies and Human Ecology approach

56
Q

What studies document people’s urban experiences?

A

Ethnographic studies

57
Q

What approach examines the social organization of the city in order to understand city processes at the macro level?

A

Human Ecology Approach

58
Q

According the the human ecology approach, what determines optimal distribution of land and people?

A

Competition

59
Q

Who viewed cities embedded in global capitalism?

A

Feagin

60
Q

Who viewed the city as a growth machine?

A

Logan and Molotch

61
Q

What perspectives draw critical attention to role of city in transformation from industrialization toward globalization?

A

Critical Urban Sociological Perspectives

62
Q

What analysis calculates a population’s natural capital a population requires relative to supply of natural resources available?

A

Ecological Footprint

63
Q

What is the commitment to using natural resources of a city within its capacity to sustain its social, economic and natural significance?

A

Urban Sustainability

64
Q

What developed in response to growing concern over environmental problems?

A

Environmental sociology

65
Q

What are the changes brought about by human activities?

A

Climate change

66
Q

What communities bear the largest burden of problems linked to climate change?

A

Lower-income

67
Q

What do climate change initiatives focus on?

A

Carbon emissions

68
Q

What causes environmental pressures?

A

Expansion of human populations into previously uninhabited areas and the resulting human action

69
Q

What is the study of living organisms and the natural environment?

A

Ecology

70
Q

What is the interaction of all living things in their natural environment, which they share and depend on?

A

Ecosystem

71
Q

What are some effects of the global economy and the demands it placed on low income countries to satisfy consumerism of high income countries?

A

Imperialization of 3rd world nations & cheap labor

72
Q

What is the Logic of Growth or Cornucopian View?

A

Technology has benefited us and will continue to do so, we just need to have more babies and get more geniuses to solve the problem

73
Q

What is the idea of Limits to Growth?

A

Limits exist to what we can take out of the environment, and we need to stop having babies and conserve resources

74
Q

How much waste does the average Canadian discard per day?

A

1.8 kg

75
Q

What percentage of the world’s water is suitable for drinking?

A

1%

76
Q

What is the shifting of economic activity and residential patterns away from the central city toward peripheral areas?

A

Urban Sprawl

77
Q

What are the environmental and social costs of urban sprawl?

A

Social segregation, isolation, health concerns, reduction of agricultural land, inefficient use of energy & resources

78
Q

What are some efforts made to curb urban sprawl?

A

Smart growth development strategies, more efficient use of existing urban infrastructure by promoting high-density development

79
Q

What is the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people and poor countries around the world?

A

Environmental racism

80
Q

What is NIMBY?

A

Not In My Back Yard

Corporations are building their messy projects that cause pollution in other nations, away from the western world

81
Q

Who criticized sociology in the Human Exceptionalism Paradigm, which points to the lack of emphasis on environment?

A

Catton & Dunlap

82
Q

Which of Catton and Dunlap’s ideas places humans within an interdependent ecosystem?

A

New Ecological Paradigm

83
Q

What does the conflict approach emphasize about the environment?

A

Role of power inequalities in struggle over resources

Intro to Sociology (16 decks)

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