Chapter 15 - Population, Urbanization, & the Environment Flashcards
Where do the majority of people live, cities or rural?
Cities
What is the study of the causes and consequences of the human population growth?
Demography
What is demography from a sociological perspective?
Study and analysis of populations, and how people move from place to place
Why are demographics of significant interest to police, health and social services?
1) identify special interest groups
2) identity ethnic diversity
3) identify and protects population growth
4) identify migrant and immigration population trends
5) identify crime trends
What does predicting population growth and decline have to do with police, health and teachers?
1) establish guidelines for authorized strength
2) helps nursing, teachers and police plan for new hires and retirement projections
What is a factor relied on by demographers?
Mortality rate
What is the number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people?
Crude birth rates
What is the number of deaths in a given year for every 1000 people?
Crude death rate
How are rates defined?
For every 1000 people
How often does a child die from starvation, undernutrition and disease?
Every 3.7 seconds
What is the average number of children per woman of one generation needed to maintain population size?
Replacement fertility rate
What is the number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age per 1000 live births in the same year?
Infant mortality rate
How old is a child classified as an infant?
Less than 1 year old
What is the median number of years a person can expect to live?
Life expectancy at birth
What are the different ways migration occurs?
1) immigration
2) emigration
3) internal migration
What is movement into a territory?
Immigration
What is movement within borders?
Internal migration
What is movement out of a territory?
Emigration
What is the difference between the number of immigrants and number of emigrants between two dates?
Net Migration
What is the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate?
Natural growth rate
Who suggested that as populations grow exponentially, food demand will also need to grow arithmetically?
Thomas Malthus
What prevent overpopulation by increasing the death rate?
Positive checks
What prevent overpopulation by limiting the number or survival of live births?
Preventative checks
Was Malthus correct in thinking that food supplies can only increase arithmetically?
No
Why was Marx critical of Malthus’ theory?
Population growth and expansion of wealth leads to greater social inequality and uneven distribution of resources
Who argued that as societies pass through different stages population growth naturally decreases?
Warren Thompson
What theory argues that as societies pass through different stages, population growth naturally decreases?
Demographic Transition Theory
Why do women live longer than men?
Less risky!
How are Canadian urban histories shaped by settler colonialism?
Urban development is influenced by national and international changes
What is the process by which a society is transformed from one organized around rural activities to one organized around urban activities?
Urbanism
What are the five different epochs of urban development in Canada?
1) mercantile era
2) urban development
3) industrial growth
4) spatial expansion
5) deindustrialization
Which epoch of urban development had lots of growth of with little pockets of communities around cities?
Spatial expansion
Which epoch of urban development occurred because of outsourcing, and manufacturing of goods in foreign countries?
Deindustrialization
Which epoch of urban development did cities emerge in?
Urban development
Where is urban growth in Canadian cities now concentrated in?
Metropolitan areas that employ immigrants
What sociological theories are used to explain transition towards urbanism?
1) functionalism
2) Chicago School of Sociology
3) conflict approach
Who developed the idea of Geimenschaft and Gesellschaft?
Tönnies
Which social situations in which people treat one another as ends rather than means?
Geimenschaft
Which of the two typology used by Tönnies is found most often in rural life?
Geimenschaft
What are social situations where those involved treat one another as means rather than ends?
Gesellschaft
According to Tönnies, which relations are based primarily on calculation and individual interest, found in city life?
Gesellschaft
Who was one of the first researchers to sense that life is a large city affects individuals both psychologically and emotionally quite differently?
Georg Simmel
Who argued that urban life forced individuals to project themselves from reactions to many stimuli?
Simmel
Who argued that North American cities lack community?
Ferdinand Tönnies
Who argued that cities are collections of communities with their own subculture?
Claude S. Fischer
Who views cities as humanity’s greatest social invention?
Max Weber
Why did Tönnies argue that cities foster less social integration than small communities?
Because of their huge population size, variety and fluidity
Who created a distinction between the rural urban typology, conceived as mechanical and organic solidarity?
Emile Durkheim
Which type of solidarity is in rural life, and reflects social relations based on common bonds?
Mechanic
Which type of solidarity is found in urban life, and reflects social relations based on specialization?
Organic
What is concerned with industrialization and impact on cities, as well as effect on diversity on social order?
Chicago School of Psychology
What theory defined a city as large, dense, heterogeneous individuals?
Louis Wirth’s “Urbanism as a Way of Life”
Who argued that cities unavoidably foster less social integration or cohesion than smaller integration?
Louis Wirth
Who viewed the city as a sociological laboratory?
Robert Park
What were Robert Park’s two approaches to studying the city?
Ethnographic studies and Human Ecology approach
What studies document people’s urban experiences?
Ethnographic studies
What approach examines the social organization of the city in order to understand city processes at the macro level?
Human Ecology Approach
According the the human ecology approach, what determines optimal distribution of land and people?
Competition
Who viewed cities embedded in global capitalism?
Feagin
Who viewed the city as a growth machine?
Logan and Molotch
What perspectives draw critical attention to role of city in transformation from industrialization toward globalization?
Critical Urban Sociological Perspectives
What analysis calculates a population’s natural capital a population requires relative to supply of natural resources available?
Ecological Footprint
What is the commitment to using natural resources of a city within its capacity to sustain its social, economic and natural significance?
Urban Sustainability
What developed in response to growing concern over environmental problems?
Environmental sociology
What are the changes brought about by human activities?
Climate change
What communities bear the largest burden of problems linked to climate change?
Lower-income
What do climate change initiatives focus on?
Carbon emissions
What causes environmental pressures?
Expansion of human populations into previously uninhabited areas and the resulting human action
What is the study of living organisms and the natural environment?
Ecology
What is the interaction of all living things in their natural environment, which they share and depend on?
Ecosystem
What are some effects of the global economy and the demands it placed on low income countries to satisfy consumerism of high income countries?
Imperialization of 3rd world nations & cheap labor
What is the Logic of Growth or Cornucopian View?
Technology has benefited us and will continue to do so, we just need to have more babies and get more geniuses to solve the problem
What is the idea of Limits to Growth?
Limits exist to what we can take out of the environment, and we need to stop having babies and conserve resources
How much waste does the average Canadian discard per day?
1.8 kg
What percentage of the world’s water is suitable for drinking?
1%
What is the shifting of economic activity and residential patterns away from the central city toward peripheral areas?
Urban Sprawl
What are the environmental and social costs of urban sprawl?
Social segregation, isolation, health concerns, reduction of agricultural land, inefficient use of energy & resources
What are some efforts made to curb urban sprawl?
Smart growth development strategies, more efficient use of existing urban infrastructure by promoting high-density development
What is the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people and poor countries around the world?
Environmental racism
What is NIMBY?
Not In My Back Yard
Corporations are building their messy projects that cause pollution in other nations, away from the western world
Who criticized sociology in the Human Exceptionalism Paradigm, which points to the lack of emphasis on environment?
Catton & Dunlap
Which of Catton and Dunlap’s ideas places humans within an interdependent ecosystem?
New Ecological Paradigm
What does the conflict approach emphasize about the environment?
Role of power inequalities in struggle over resources
