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Intro to Sociology > Chapter 7 - Gender & Sexuality > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Gender & Sexuality Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where can gender and sexuality be seen at work?

A

Education, sexual violence, work, family, and in the body

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2
Q

What are sociological perspective on gender and sexuality?

A
  • Question the social assumptions underlying configurations of gender and sexuality
  • consider gender and sexuality as structures and experiences
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3
Q

Prior to Smith and other feminist sociologist developing ways to including centre women’s experiences in sociology, Sociology was considered a ____________ discipline

A

Heterocentric

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4
Q

What does a vantage point enable us to see?

A

Ourselves, the social institutions around us, and our social world in Waze it include more experiences. It provides an angle to critique the status quo

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5
Q

What characteristics refer to the organs used for reproductions, namely the genitals?

A

Primary sex characteristics

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6
Q

What characteristics are bodily differences, apart from the genitals, distinguish biologically mature males and females?

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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7
Q

Why is sexuality very much a cultural and social issue?

A

Almost any sexual practice shows considerable variation from one society to another

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8
Q

What is the term for some combination of male and female genitals?

A

Intersexed people

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9
Q

What are individuals who feel being a different sex from their biological sex?

A

Transsexuals

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10
Q

What critical vantage point challenges fixed notions about human sexuality?

A

Sexuality

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11
Q

How does the queer theory provide another critical vantage point for challenging fixed notion’s about human sexuality?

A

draws on the notion “queer” to reclaim a slur and emphasize sexual diversity

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12
Q

The idea of homosexuality as a strategically situated marginal position that provide a new insight into relations of self and others is derived from?

A

Michael Foucault

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13
Q

What has gender as a vantage point done to expand the sociological study of gender and sexuality?

A

Development of studies of men in masculinity’s, and gender as a focus of critique underpin studies of racialized understanding of gender and sexuality

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14
Q

What has sexuality as a critical vantage point to challenge the fixed notions about human sexuality found?

A

Considers sexuality as linked to cultural, economic, political, legal, moral, and ethical phenomena and challenges social construction of sex and sexuality, control of women’s bodies and reproduction, objectification of women

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15
Q

What is the social enactment of how you perceive your sexual identity?

A

Gender

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16
Q

What refers to biologically base differences, primarily related to chromosomes and reproductive functions?

A

Sex

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17
Q

Why did sociology challenge ideas about sexuality, sexual identity and orientation?

A

They were dichotomous (two branches)

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18
Q

What does sociology believe the gender and sexuality should instead be understood as?

A

Social constructs
- meaning attributed to sexuality, qualities associated with being male or female or created by the way societies organized around gender identities

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19
Q

What two things enforce traditional gender ideologies and practices?

A

Sexism and homophobia

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20
Q

What is the subordination of one sex, usually female, and the perceived superiority of the other?

A

Sexism

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21
Q

What refers to a persons preference in terms of sexual partners?

A

Sexual orientations

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22
Q

What is sexual attraction to the same sex?

A

Homosexual orientation

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23
Q

What is sexual attraction to both sexes?

A

Bisexual orientation

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24
Q

What is no sexual attraction to either sex?

A

Asexual orientation

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25
Q

What is an irrational fear of homosexuality, and an irrational disapproval, In response to differences from the norm?

A

Homophobia

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26
Q

What is a reason the individuals tend to conform to prescribe gender and sexual norms?

A

To avoid social sanctions

27
Q

How to current trends allow for more dynamic relationship between sexual orientation, gender expression, and the gendered/sexed body?

A

There’s a greater range of challenged and accepted behaviours

28
Q

What are two general positions on what gives us sexual orientation?

A

A product of society
- This approach argues that people in any society construct a side of meanings the lots that makes sense of sexuality
a product of biology
- Some studies suggest differences in the size of the hypothalamus and genetics are related to sexual orientation

29
Q

What theory explains why some promote acceptance and advocacy while other discourage or punish differences in sexual orientation?

A

Labelling theory

30
Q

What is one’s personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female?

A

Gender

31
Q

What is the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women?

A

Gender Stratification

32
Q

What is the problem with labelling anything as being masculine or feminine?

A

Labelling generally tends to polarize activities, thus polarizing people and their preferences

33
Q

What do sociologists argue about the construction of gender and sexuality?

A

It can be reconstructed and changed

34
Q

In what society is gender considered irrelevant?

A

Israeli Kibbutzim

35
Q

What did Margaret Mead find in her research about gender and sexuality?

A

Men and women behaved very differently in different societies

36
Q

In the 3 New Guinea societies, what did Mead’s research find?

A

1) both sexes are feminine
2) both sexes are masculine
3) gender roles are reversible

37
Q

Which sociologist concluded that gender is determined by culture?

A

Margaret Mead

38
Q

Which sociologist’s research found that in most pre-industrial societies:
1) hunting and warfare fall to men
2) domestic duties to women
But beyond this pattern societies show variation in tasks

A

George Murdock

39
Q

What is a form of social organization in which males dominate females?

A

Patriarchy

40
Q

What is a form of social organization in which females dominate males, although none of these societies have never been known to exist?

A

Matriarchy

41
Q

How does language and power influence views of gender and sexuality?

A

Men have exercised ownership over women and the pronoun “she” is used when describing their possessions

42
Q

What are words that have been found to have gender biases?

A

Hysterical - hyster means uterus

Lunatic - Luna means moon

43
Q

What is the unfair discrimination on the basis of sex, or the belief that one sex is innately superior?

A

Sexism

44
Q

What are consequences of sexism for men and women?

A

Men: need to prove masculinity, expected to be strong and in control
Women: beauty myth, violence against women, lower self-esteem, feminization of poverty

45
Q

Who found that sexual domination of women is the cornerstone of gender hegemony?

A

Schippers

46
Q

Who is the author of gender hegemony?

A

A Ukrainian researcher

47
Q

What involves the relation of domination between hegemonic masculinity and hegemonic femininity?

A

Gender hegemony

48
Q

What idea considers women’s multiple identities and location in multiple structures of gender and sexuality as well as disability, class and race?

A

Intersectionality

49
Q

Which idea has drawn attention to multiple forms of inequality in which gender is embedded?

A

Intersectionality

50
Q

How do women’s groups and feminist challenge sexual violence?

A

Through activism

51
Q

What have recent issues such as sexual assault on campuses been related to?

A

Misogynistic (hatred of women) attitudes and practices

52
Q

How do peer groups reinforce gender differences?

A

Boys and girls play different kinds of games and learn different styles of moral reasoning from games

53
Q

What attitudes do male team sports enforce?

A

Competition, aggression and control, leading to competitive life in business

54
Q

What attitudes do female peer groups enforce?

A

Communication through social activities leading to family life

55
Q

How do curricula in schools reinforce a culture’s gender roles?

A

Curricula created for left-brain thinkers, teachers tend to praise, punish and give more feedback to boys

56
Q

How does gender inequality shape experiences at work?

A

Gender segregation in university leads to gender-segregated jobs, women earn less than men, glass ceiling

57
Q

In the workplace, what do customs and practices comprise concerning gender and sexuality?

A

Organizational sexuality (explicit and culturally elaborated rules of behavior to regulate sexual identities at work)

58
Q

Why do gender divisions domestic labor reflect and reproduce gender inequality?

A

There’s a gender imbalance in family-based care work, and it comes at personal cost for women. Not taking care for others has negative effects for men

59
Q

What has been found about the way parents tend to treat male and female children?

A

They treat them differently from birth

60
Q

Why are female embryos at risk in highly patriarchal societies?

A

They want males for children, so females are aborted or killed shortly after birth

61
Q

What have sociologists found about unpaid household work recently?

A

Growing number of men using parental leave

62
Q

What is the influence of mass media on gender and sexuality?

A

Media, especially television, reinforces a culture’s gender roles

  • males are independent and adventurous
  • females are dependent and needy
63
Q

How does advertising effect culture’s gender roles?

A

Stereotypes are created and reinforced

Intro to Sociology (16 decks)

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