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Intro to Sociology > Chapter 11 - Work & The Economy > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Work & The Economy Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is work a social product?

A

The organization and structure of work is an outcome of social relationships

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2
Q

How is work situated in the economy?

A

It’s a social institution in which people carry out the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

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3
Q

Are economic systems fixed?

A

No

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4
Q

How are economic systems not fixed?

A

They are structured, contested and reshaped by people

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5
Q

Are economic inequalities connected with social inequalities?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is an economic system based on private ownership and an exchange relationship between owners and workers?

A

Capitalism

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7
Q

What is an economy driven by pursuit of profit?

A

Capitalism

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8
Q

What was Marx’s view of capitalism?

A

System with 2 classes:

1) capitalist class - own means of production (bourgeoisie)
2) working class - sell labor to capitalist employers in exchange for wages (proletariat)

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9
Q

What is an economic system based on free-market relations?

A

Capitalism

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10
Q

Which economic system has a laissez-faire attitude?

A

Capitalism

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11
Q

What is a specific process that has consequences for the nature and organization of work as well as for the division of labor?

A

Industrialization?

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12
Q

What brought new forms of energy, machine technologies, and transportation?

A

Industrialization

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13
Q

When did the early stages of industrial capitalism, defined as family capitalism happen?

A

Mid to late 19th century

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14
Q

When did the movement of ownership from individuals/families to corporations and shareholders take place?

A

Late 19th to mid 20th century

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15
Q

What phase of capitalism did the movement of ownership from individuals/families to corporations and shareholders happen in?

A

Corporate or monopoly capitalism

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16
Q

What are different situations created by mergers?

A

1) Monopoly

2) Oligopoly

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17
Q

What is a monopoly?

A

One corporation controls an entire market

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18
Q

What is an oligopoly?

A

Several companies control an entire industry

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19
Q

What context do transnational or multinational companies operate in?

A

Global

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20
Q

What is the term for people around the world consuming the same cultural products?

A

Cultural homogenization

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21
Q

What are the 4 major economic sectors?

A

1) primary and resource industries
2) manufacturing
3) service sector
4) social reproduction

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22
Q

What work sector involves the extraction of natural resources from the environment?

A

Primary sector/resource industry

23
Q

What was the most common type of work for Canadians until the 20th century?

A

Primary sector/resource industry

24
Q

What work involves processing raw materials into usable goods and services?

A

Secondary or manufacturing sector

25
Q

What work involves services ranging from information management to making coffee?

A

Tertiary services sector

26
Q

What work often involves emotional labor?

A

Tertiary services sector

27
Q

Which work sector includes a host of essential services?

A

Tertiary services sector

28
Q

Which work sector has a great variation of workers?

A

Tertiary services sector

29
Q

What is the tertiary work sector characterized by?

A

Polarization of jobs

1) good jobs - high-skilled, well-paid
2) bad jobs - poorly paid, dead-end

30
Q

Which work sector is rapidly expanding?

A

Tertiary services

31
Q

Which work sector encompasses all socially necessary labor not done in exchange for money?

A

Social reproduction sector

32
Q

What encompasses work in the public world of the factory, office, school, and store, and involves monetary exchange?

A

Sphere of production

33
Q

What refers to the work that is not officially recorded as part of the economy, and where there is a direct economic exchange?

A

Social reproduction

34
Q

Why is the work in the social reproduction sector not always legal?

A

Barter system, and organized through personal relationships between bosses, workers and customers

35
Q

What consists of the range of economic activities not reported to the government?

A

Informal economy

36
Q

Why do individuals work in the informal economy?

A

Economic survival

37
Q

What is a factor leading to the rise of non-standard work?

A

New technologies

38
Q

What is the notion of numerical flexibility?

A

Involves the shrinking or elimination of core worker force

39
Q

How has the workplace in Canada grown in diversity?

A

More dual-earner families, increasing presence of indigenous Canadians and racialized people in Canadian cities, increased awareness of disabled workers and highly educated younger workforce

40
Q

When did participation of women in Canadian labor force begin to steadily increase?

A

1970s

41
Q

How is the social institution of work gendered?

A

Labor market segregated by sex, gender-based income gap, women over represented in non-standard jobs

42
Q

How are First Nations people disadvantaged in the labor market?

A

Higher rates of unemployment and over represented in the non-standard jobs market

43
Q

How are visible minorities disadvantaged in the labor market?

A

They earn less and immigrants are marginalized

44
Q

What are challenges faced by youth in the labor market?

A

Limited opportunities and face higher unemployment rates

45
Q

What enables middle class people to secure professional control?

A

Professionalization

46
Q

What theory suggests that professionals can be defined according to a checklist of characteristics?

A

Trait theory

47
Q

Which sociologist argued that professional status is linked to resources available to occupational groups?

A

Johnson

48
Q

What is an important form of collective action to secure rights and dignity in the workplace?

A

Unionization

49
Q

Why were unions formed?

A

Protect workers from long hours, dangerous conditions, low pay and favouritism

50
Q

What is the basic premise of organized labor movement?

A

Take collective action through process of bargaining a contract

51
Q

How many workers out of 3 are unionized?

A

1 in 3

52
Q

Which sex dominates the public service sector?

A

females

53
Q

How do unions benefit workers?

A

Better wages, work conditions, security, benefits, equalization of wages

Intro to Sociology (16 decks)

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