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Intro to Sociology > Chapter 2 - Culture & Cultural Change > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Culture & Cultural Change Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a society?

A

Group of people who live in a certain place and who share a culture

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2
Q

What is culture?

A

Shared system of values and practices about how to live in that group
also WEBS OF SIGNIFICANCE
Subject to ongoing change and increasingly global

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3
Q

What is culture shock?

A

Personal disorientation that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life

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4
Q

Who viewed culture as a creative force?

A

Casey

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5
Q

What is the semiotic problem of culture?

A

The question of how to create and share meaning with others

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6
Q

What is sociobiology?

A

Biological imperatives drive the formation of culture. Behaviour is biologically determined and supports biological discrimination based on gender, race, medical conditions

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7
Q

What is the sociological approach to culture?

A

Avoids purely biological explanations of human behaviour and is concerned with the way behaviour is shaped by culture and how these change

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8
Q

What are the common components of culture?

A

1) values
2) beliefs
3) behaviours
4) material objects

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9
Q

What are the elements of culture? Describe them

A

1) material elements
- things (tangible things created by members of society)
2) immaterial elements
- signs (intangible world of ideas created by members of a society)

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10
Q

What did Durkheim believe about culture?

A

Plays an important role in solidarity

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11
Q

What is mechanical solidarity?

A

Form of social organization based in small communities held together by strong collective consciousness

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12
Q

What is organic solidarity?

A

Occurs in large-scale groups like cities, where sharing meaning and values is more difficult (happens naturally)

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13
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Things we can actually touch

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14
Q

What do cultural evolutionists believe?

A

Greater the complexity of artifacts, the high the cultural superiority

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15
Q

What are symbols?

A

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
- may have physical forms or be immaterial

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16
Q

What are components of culture?

A

1) language
2) values
3) beliefs
4) norms and values

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17
Q

What is language as a component of culture?

A

System of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
- may take many forms

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18
Q

What are values as components of culture?

A

Culturally defined standards by which people asses desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living (American Constitution)

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19
Q

What are beliefs?

A

Statements that people hold to be true (Articles of Faith)

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20
Q

What are norms?

A

Rules and expectations by which society guides the behaviour of its members

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21
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

A

Holds that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of their language

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22
Q

What did Martineau believe?

A

Gap between ideal and real culture (life as it should be and as it is)
- values closely related to norms

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23
Q

What is Mores?

A

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

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24
Q

What are Folkways?

A

Informal and formal norms are linked and both are subject to change

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25
Q

How does mass media influence norms?

A

Through stories and discourses about the world around us

26
Q

What is Narrative inevitability?

A

Stories we see repeatedly in media provide us with assumptions about how the world should play out

27
Q

What are discourses?

A

Powerful points of view that inform media images and stories

28
Q

What have been the stages of technology?

A

1) Hunting and gathering
2) Horticulture
3) Agriculture
4) Industry
5) Post-Industrial Revolution

29
Q

What is subculture?

A

A subset group of the main culture that stands apart but still part of the main culture (hutterites)

30
Q

What is counterculture?

A

Opposed to main culture, stands apart and often seeks to change the culture (Aryan Race, skinheads, hippies)

31
Q

What is a ritual?

A

Shared beliefs and symbols that unite a group

32
Q

What did Van Gennep believe about Rites of Passage?

A

Ritual events that improve our status through transitioning to a better role in society

33
Q

What did Turner believe about rituals?

A

Rituals guide people through the luminal phase in transition

34
Q

Compared to other cultures, Canada is one of the most _____________ societies.

A

Multicultural

35
Q

What is high culture?

A

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

36
Q

What is popular culture?

A

Culture patterns widespread among society’s population

37
Q

How does cultural change occur?

A

1) Invention
2) Discovery
3) Diffusion

38
Q

What is cultural lag?

A

When some elements of a culture don’t change as quickly as others

39
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

40
Q

What is Cultural Relativism?

A

Evaluating a culture by its own standards

41
Q

What is Neo-liberalism?

A

Individuals look after themselves instead of looking to governments (self-help)
- those who don’t self-govern well are shunned

42
Q

What are theoretical perspectives on culture?

A

1) Marxism
2) Functionalism
3) symbolic interactionism
4) production of culture
5) consumer culture theory
6) British culture studies
7) post modernism and cultural constructionism
8) queer theory and culture

43
Q

What is Marxism?

A

Culture exists to serve the needs of the base

44
Q

What is cultural hegemony?

A

System by which masses are dominated by prevailing ideas and beliefs of dominant groups in society

45
Q

What is Durkheim’s theory of functionalism?

A

Function of culture is to promote social integration

Culture establishes shared values that are manifest in collective conscience

46
Q

What is Parson’s Action Theory?

A

Society composed of interdependent systems. Cultural system is essential to reproduction of society

47
Q

What is symbolic interaction?

A

Culture is a system of symbols, ideas and language that facilitates interaction
Social order is continually negotiated in processes of interaction

48
Q

What is the Dramaturgical Approach?

A

Meanings are constructed through performances

49
Q

What is the theory on production of culture?

A

Focuses on systems by which symbolic elements of culture are produced

50
Q

What is the Consumer Culture Theory?

A

Individual choices shaped by cultural consumption - the meanings attributed to goods and those who consume them

51
Q

What is the British Cultural Studies theory?

A

Individuals as producers and consumers of culture

52
Q

What is the post-modernism and cultural constructionism theory?

A

Post modernism questions notion of transcendent morals and truths

53
Q

What is the Queer Theory?

A

Any approach that questions the stable and exclusive categories of identity, time, space, sex, gender and so on that enable power and discrimination in Western culture.

54
Q

What is queering?

A

Looking at dominant cultural practices in search of excluded possibilities

55
Q

What is globalization?

A

Process by which societies are interconnected around the world, influenced by politics, world economy, etc.

56
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

Views that American-run media infiltrates and shapes cultures around the world (Americanization)

57
Q

What is Culture of Dissent?

A

View that globalize technologies (Internet) allow people to form defiant publics and work toward social change

58
Q

In addition to symbols, which of the following is a common component of culture?

a) murder taboo
b) psychic culture
c) witchcraft
d) material culture

A

Material culture

59
Q

What is a key value of Canadian culture?

A

Equality and fairness in a democratic society

60
Q

Early in the 20th century, which continent did most immigrants come from?

A

Europe

61
Q

According to Lenski in the textbook, cities, greater specialization of labor and money as the stand of exchange appear in the __________ stage of sociocultural evolution

A

Agrarian

Intro to Sociology (16 decks)

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