Chapter 8: Early Childhood- Biosocial Development

Question 1

Myelination

Answer 1

Myelin is a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons.

Question 2

Impulse Control

Answer 2

Ability to postpone of deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior.

Question 3

Perseveration

Answer 3

Stick to one thought or action for a long time.

Question 4

Injury Control/Harm Reduction

Answer 4

Practices to prevent dangerous activities. Accidents are not random and injuries can be less harmful if proper controls are in place.

Question 5

Child Maltreatment

Answer 5

Intentional harm to anyone under 18 years old.

Question 6

Child Abuse

Answer 6

Deliberate action that impairs a child’s physical, emotional, and sexual well-being.

Question 7

Child Neglect

Answer 7

Failure to meet child’s basic physical, emotional, or educational needs.

Question 8

Substantiated Maltreatment

Answer 8

Harm that has been reported.

Question 9

Reported Maltreatment

Answer 9

Harm about which someone has notified authorities.

Question 10

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Answer 10

Disorder happening after a shocking or frightening event, like rape or severe beating. May include flashbacks, sleeplessness, and many other after maths.

Question 11

Foster Care

Answer 11

Children are taken from biological parents and entrusted to another family. Needs are reimbursed to parents for children.

Question 12

Kinship Care

Answer 12

Form of foster care in which a relative of maltreated child, becomes caregiver.

Question 13

Adoption

Answer 13

Adult or couple is granted joys of being a child’s parents.

Question 14

Permanency Planning

Answer 14

Finding a long term living place for children that are maltreated. Goal is to avoid repeated harm to child.

Question 15

Growth Patterns

Answer 15

• Children become slimmer as lower body lengthens.
• Well-nourished children each year grow 3 inches and gain 4 1/2 pounds.
• Center of gravity from breast bone to belly button.

Question 15

Nutrition (Obesity)

Answer 15

• Children need much less calories than infants to reject obesity. Obesity more of a problem in U.S. than malnutrition.
• Lower-income families more vulnerable to obesity, causing heart disease and diabetes.

Question 15

Nutritional Deficiencies

Answer 15

• Most children in developed nations consume over the limit calories, sometimes by customs (calcium).
• About 3-8% of children are allergic to a food, mainly healthy ones.

Question 15

Healthy Eating

Answer 15

• Children will eat whatever their community presents.

- This makes life-long tastes affecting their health.

Question 15

Oral Health

Answer 15

• Tooth decay affecting 1/3 of U.S. children by too much sugar and little fiber.
• This effects formation of teeth, jaw, and speech.

Question 15

Size of Brain

Answer 15

Age 2: 75% of weight at adulthood is in the child already, and sprouting and pruning of dendrites has already happened.
Age 6: brain reaches 90% of adult weight.

Question 15

Speed of Thought

Answer 15

• Faster thinking due to extensive myelination.
• Increase in myelination involves speed of thinking for age.
• Lifelong process, and a decrease in myelination in adults.

Question 15

Hemispheres

Answer 15

2 Parts: Corpus Callosum, and Lateralization.

Question 15

Corpus Callosum

Answer 15

Nerves connecting left and right hemispheres of brain. Allows communication between both hemispheres.

Question 15

Lateralization

Answer 15

Certain functions in each side of the brain, one side is usually dominant. Left side controls right side, vice versa.

Question 16

Both Sides of Brain

Answer 16

Left Side: verbal skills, math, and details.

Right Side: spatial ability, music, and creativity.

Question 17

Impulse Control

Answer 17

Poor Impulse Control: task to task, need adult supervision, and cannot stay quiet.
Perseveration: opposite of poor impulse control, children are stuck on one thought.

Question 18

Limbic System

Answer 18

• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Hypothalamus

Question 19

Amygdala

Answer 19

Deals with emotions, like fear and anxiety.

Question 20

Hippocampus

Answer 20

Central processor of memory.

Question 21

Hypothalamus

Answer 21

Responding to amygdala and hippocampus sending hormones throughout the body.

Question 22

Exposure to Stress

Answer 22

Harm: permanent learning and memory deficits, also depression and ADHD.
Helps: cognitive and memory growth in adults, anxiety and arousal are motivators.

Question 23

Improved Motor Skills

Answer 23

• Motor skills improve by muscle growth, brain maturation, and guided practice.
• They learn to ride bikes and kick balls by age 6.

Question 24

Artistic Expression

Answer 24

• Children are natural artists with creativity.

- These skills improve with practice and maturation.

Question 25

Injuries and Abuse: Accidents

Answer 25

• All parents want to protect their children and foster their growth.
• Some children die from uncommon cases.
• 2 to 6 year olds more common from this.

Question 26

Avoidable Injuries

Answer 26

Fire, drowning, poison, motor vehicle deaths, and falls are common injuries. Things are much safer today than years ago.

Question 27

Levels of Injury Prevention

Answer 27

• Primary Prevention
• Secondary Prevention
• Tertiary Prevention

Question 28

Primary Prevention

Answer 28

Actions changing background conditions preventing an unwanted event. Like air bags in vehicles.

Question 29

Secondary Prevention

Answer 29

Actions averting harm in a high risk situation. Like requiring children to travel in car seats.

Question 30

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 30

Actions taken after an event occurs usually to prevent further harm. Like immediate access to a trauma center.

Question 31

Consequences of Maltreatment

Answer 31

• Children are mistreated and neglected. This usually brings many social deficits.
• Effects are devastating and may carry into adulthood.

Question 32

Preventing Child Maltreatment

Answer 32

Primary: Macrosystem and Exosystem
Secondary: Focus on identifying and intervening
Tertiary: Focus on limiting harm after maltreatment.