Chapter 7: First Two Years- Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Six Basic Emotions

Answer 1

• Pleasure (Social Smile and Laughter)
• Pain (Anger and Sadness)
• Fear (Fear and Stranger Wariness)

Question 2

Social Smile

Answer 2

6 weeks, smile set off by parents and caregivers.

Question 3

Emotions

Answer 3

• Subjective experience (short lived)
• Physiological response (short lived)
• Behavioral response (short lived)

Question 3

Laughter

Answer 3

3-4 months, they love new experiences and unexpected ones can result in laughter.

Question 4

Anger

Answer 4

6 months, they hate not getting their way and it’s healthy to be angry.

Question 4

Sadness

Answer 4

First months, increases cortisol and is an alternative to anger.

Question 5

Fear

Answer 5

9 months, unexpected fearing event.

Question 6

Mirror Recognition

Answer 6

Red dot on noses of infants. Younger than 12 months they have no idea it’s themselves, 15-24 months they revealed self-awareness.

Question 7

Stranger Wariness

Answer 7

9 months, infant’s expression of concern, quiet stare to a familiar person or look of fear. 4 months: no sense of self, 5 months: separate from mothers, 15-18 months: me self.

Question 8

Brain Maturation

Answer 8

• As cortex matures, all emotions mature.

- Infants learn to put perception, sensation, and memory with emotions.

Question 9

Self-Awareness

Answer 9

Child’s realization that the person is a distinct individual who’s personality’s are different from others’.

Question 10

Stress

Answer 10

• Impairs brain with places dealing with emotions. Hypothalamus develops at a slower pace.
• Higher cortisol levels, also may affect later life. Caregivers can help lower these levels.

Question 12

Cortisol

Answer 12

Stress hormone, this effects human emotions.

Question 14

Separation Anxiety

Answer 14

Infant’s distress when the parents leave, happening around 9 and 14 months.

Question 15

Temperament

Answer 15

• Inborn differences between two people. One is distinct in their personality.

Question 16

Goodness Of Fit

Answer 16

• Temperament and values producing an interaction between an individual and their social life.
• Understanding the child lets you know their temperament.

Question 17

Big Five

Answer 17

Five clusters of personality traits that remain stable in life: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 18

Synchrony

Answer 18

Rapid exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. Starts with parents imitating infants, then infants do it to others.

Question 19

Still-Face Technique

Answer 19

Where a parent keeps their face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with the infant. Infants show signs of stress from this.

Question 20

Attachment

Answer 20

• Affectionate tie the infant and caregiver have between one another.
• Overtakes synchrony, and forms early influencing infants close relationships in life.

Question 21

Insecure Attachment (Type A, C, D)

Answer 21

• Avoidant: Type A
• Resistant: Type C
• Disorganized: Type D

Question 22

Secure Attachment (Type B)

Answer 22

Relationship between infant and caregiver where the infant has comfort and confidence.

Question 23

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (Type A)

Answer 23

Attachment in which infant avoids connection with caregiver. They don’t care for their return.

Question 24

Insecure-Resistant Attachment (Type C)

Answer 24

Attachment where an infant’s anxiety is evident and doesn’t want caregiver to leave. When they return, they do not want them there.

Question 24

Insecure-Disorganized Attachment (Type D)

Answer 24

Attachment where an infant has inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

Question 25

Strange Situation

Answer 25

Measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to stress of various adults comings and goings.

Question 25

Social Referencing

Answer 25

How to react to an unfamiliar object or event by observing someone else’s reactions. Mothers are more emotional towards infant and sing and rock them. Fathers play and add excitement.

Question 26

Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)

Answer 26

• Oral Stage: first year, oral fixation

- Anal Stage: second year, anal personality

Question 27

Trust Versus Mistrust

Answer 27

Erikson’s first crisis of psychosocial development. Infant’s learn if the world is a secure place with their basic needs.

Question 28

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

Answer 28

Erikson’s second crisis on psychosocial development. Toddler’s succeed or fail in gaining self-rule over their actions and bodies.

Question 29

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)

Answer 29

• Parents mold infants through reinforcement and punishment.

- Behavior patterns acquired by observing others behavior (Bobo Doll or Clown Doll).

Question 31

Proximal Parenting

Answer 31

Caregiving practices involving being physically close to the baby by holding and touching.

Question 32

Distal Parenting

Answer 32

Caregiving practices remaining distant from the baby providing food and toys and minimal contact with baby.

Question 33

Allocare

Answer 33

Care of children from different parents or caregivers.

Question 34

Working Model

Answer 34

Assumptions an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. Example: someone beliefs others are trustworthy but by evidence are not and are surprised by it.

Question 35

Sociocultural Theory

Answer 35

• Emotional development is shaped by culture.

- Ethnotheories are embedded in a culture also having effect on infants.

Question 36

Infant Day Care

Answer 36

• Family Day Care: children of various ages and woman is paid.
• Center Day Care: many adults for certain age groups.