Chapter 7: First Two Years- Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Six Basic Emotions
- Pleasure (Social Smile and Laughter)
- Pain (Anger and Sadness)
- Fear (Fear and Stranger Wariness)
Social Smile
6 weeks, smile set off by parents and caregivers.
Emotions
- Subjective experience (short lived)
- Physiological response (short lived)
- Behavioral response (short lived)
Laughter
3-4 months, they love new experiences and unexpected ones can result in laughter.
Anger
6 months, they hate not getting their way and it’s healthy to be angry.
Sadness
First months, increases cortisol and is an alternative to anger.
Fear
9 months, unexpected fearing event.
Mirror Recognition
Red dot on noses of infants. Younger than 12 months they have no idea it’s themselves, 15-24 months they revealed self-awareness.
Stranger Wariness
9 months, infant’s expression of concern, quiet stare to a familiar person or look of fear. 4 months: no sense of self, 5 months: separate from mothers, 15-18 months: me self.
Brain Maturation
- As cortex matures, all emotions mature.
- Infants learn to put perception, sensation, and memory with emotions.
Self-Awareness
Child’s realization that the person is a distinct individual who’s personality’s are different from others’.
Stress
- Impairs brain with places dealing with emotions. Hypothalamus develops at a slower pace.
- Higher cortisol levels, also may affect later life. Caregivers can help lower these levels.
Cortisol
Stress hormone, this effects human emotions.
Separation Anxiety
Infant’s distress when the parents leave, happening around 9 and 14 months.
Temperament
- Inborn differences between two people. One is distinct in their personality.
Goodness Of Fit
- Temperament and values producing an interaction between an individual and their social life.
- Understanding the child lets you know their temperament.
Big Five
Five clusters of personality traits that remain stable in life: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Synchrony
Rapid exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. Starts with parents imitating infants, then infants do it to others.
Still-Face Technique
Where a parent keeps their face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with the infant. Infants show signs of stress from this.
Attachment
- Affectionate tie the infant and caregiver have between one another.
- Overtakes synchrony, and forms early influencing infants close relationships in life.
Insecure Attachment (Type A, C, D)
- Avoidant: Type A
- Resistant: Type C
- Disorganized: Type D
Secure Attachment (Type B)
Relationship between infant and caregiver where the infant has comfort and confidence.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (Type A)
Attachment in which infant avoids connection with caregiver. They don’t care for their return.
Insecure-Resistant Attachment (Type C)
Attachment where an infant’s anxiety is evident and doesn’t want caregiver to leave. When they return, they do not want them there.
Insecure-Disorganized Attachment (Type D)
Attachment where an infant has inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.
Strange Situation
Measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to stress of various adults comings and goings.
Social Referencing
How to react to an unfamiliar object or event by observing someone else’s reactions. Mothers are more emotional towards infant and sing and rock them. Fathers play and add excitement.
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
- Oral Stage: first year, oral fixation
- Anal Stage: second year, anal personality
Trust Versus Mistrust
Erikson’s first crisis of psychosocial development. Infant’s learn if the world is a secure place with their basic needs.
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
Erikson’s second crisis on psychosocial development. Toddler’s succeed or fail in gaining self-rule over their actions and bodies.
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
- Parents mold infants through reinforcement and punishment.
- Behavior patterns acquired by observing others behavior (Bobo Doll or Clown Doll).
Proximal Parenting
Caregiving practices involving being physically close to the baby by holding and touching.
Distal Parenting
Caregiving practices remaining distant from the baby providing food and toys and minimal contact with baby.
Allocare
Care of children from different parents or caregivers.
Working Model
Assumptions an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. Example: someone beliefs others are trustworthy but by evidence are not and are surprised by it.
Sociocultural Theory
- Emotional development is shaped by culture.
- Ethnotheories are embedded in a culture also having effect on infants.
Infant Day Care
- Family Day Care: children of various ages and woman is paid.
- Center Day Care: many adults for certain age groups.
