Chapter 10: Early Childhood- Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Effortful Control

Answer 1

Regulating someone’s actions and emotions through effort.

Question 2

Initiative Versus Guilt

Answer 2

Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis, where children learn new skills and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

Question 3

Self-Concept

Answer 3

Person’s understanding of who he or she is, by self-esteem, appearance, personality, and traits.

Question 4

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 4

Drive to pursue a goal from inside someone, like feeling smart.

Question 5

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 5

Drive to pursue a goal from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, like receiving material possessions.

Question 6

Imaginary Friends

Answer 6

Friends that only exist in child’s imagination, happens from ages 3 to 7. Combatting loneliness and emotional loneliness.

Question 7

Psychopathology

Answer 7

Illness of the mind, but varies among cultures.

Question 8

Externalizing Problems

Answer 8

Problems with emotional regulation involving feelings through physical or verbal outbursts, like lashing out on people.

Question 9

Internalizing Problems

Answer 9

Problems with emotional regulation involving turning someone’s emotional distress inward, like guilt and worthlessness.

Question 10

Rough-And-Tumble Play

Answer 10

Play through wrestling , chasing, or hitting but adding no harm.

Question 11

Sociodramatic Play

Answer 11

Play where children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.

Question 12

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 12

Parenting that is set by high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct, and little communication from child to parent.

Question 13

Permissive Parenting

Answer 13

Parenting where there is high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, and control.

Question 14

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 14

Parenting where parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible.

Question 15

Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 15

Parenting where parents are indifferent towards their children no unaware of what is going on in their lives.

Question 16

Sex Differences

Answer 16

Biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones, and body type.

Question 17

Gender Differences

Answer 17

Differences in roles and behaviors of males and females prescribed by culture.

Question 18

Phallic Stage

Answer 18

Freud’s third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.

Question 19

Oedipus Complex

Answer 19

Unconscious desire of boys to replace their father and win their mother’s romantic love.

Question 20

Superego

Answer 20

Psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes moral standards of the parents.

Question 21

Electra Complex

Answer 21

Unconscious desire for girls to replace their mother and win their father’s romantic love.

Question 22

Identification

Answer 22

Defending someone’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.

Question 23

Gender Schema

Answer 23

Cognitive concept based on one’s experiences, in this case, a child’s understanding of sex differences.

Question 24

Empathy

Answer 24

Understanding another’s emotions and concerns, especially when they differ from their own.

Question 25

Antipathy

Answer 25

Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.

Question 26

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 26

Actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself.

Question 27

Antisocial Behavior

Answer 27

Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.

Question 28

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 28

Behavior hurting someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or privilege.

Question 29

Reactive Aggression

Answer 29

Verbal or physical retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action.

Question 30

Relational Aggression

Answer 30

Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming social connection between the victim and other people.

Question 31

Bullying Aggression

Answer 31

Unprovoked, physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

Question 32

Corporal Punishment

Answer 32

Punishment hurting the body, like slapping or spanking.

Question 33

Psychological Control

Answer 33

Disciplinary way involving withdrawing love and support and that relies on child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.

Question 34

Time-Out

Answer 34

Disciplinary way where child is separated from other people for a specific time.

Question 35

Induction

Answer 35

Disciplinary way where parent tries to get the child to understand why a behavior was wrong. Listening, not lecturing, is crucial.

Question 36

Emotional Regulation

Answer 36

Ability to control how and when emotions are expressed.