Chapter 10: Early Childhood- Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Effortful Control
Regulating someone’s actions and emotions through effort.
Initiative Versus Guilt
Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis, where children learn new skills and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.
Self-Concept
Person’s understanding of who he or she is, by self-esteem, appearance, personality, and traits.
Intrinsic Motivation
Drive to pursue a goal from inside someone, like feeling smart.
Extrinsic Motivation
Drive to pursue a goal from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, like receiving material possessions.
Imaginary Friends
Friends that only exist in child’s imagination, happens from ages 3 to 7. Combatting loneliness and emotional loneliness.
Psychopathology
Illness of the mind, but varies among cultures.
Externalizing Problems
Problems with emotional regulation involving feelings through physical or verbal outbursts, like lashing out on people.
Internalizing Problems
Problems with emotional regulation involving turning someone’s emotional distress inward, like guilt and worthlessness.
Rough-And-Tumble Play
Play through wrestling , chasing, or hitting but adding no harm.
Sociodramatic Play
Play where children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.
Authoritarian Parenting
Parenting that is set by high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct, and little communication from child to parent.
Permissive Parenting
Parenting where there is high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, and control.
Authoritative Parenting
Parenting where parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible.
Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting
Parenting where parents are indifferent towards their children no unaware of what is going on in their lives.
Sex Differences
Biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones, and body type.
Gender Differences
Differences in roles and behaviors of males and females prescribed by culture.
Phallic Stage
Freud’s third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.
Oedipus Complex
Unconscious desire of boys to replace their father and win their mother’s romantic love.
Superego
Psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes moral standards of the parents.
Electra Complex
Unconscious desire for girls to replace their mother and win their father’s romantic love.
Identification
Defending someone’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.
Gender Schema
Cognitive concept based on one’s experiences, in this case, a child’s understanding of sex differences.
Empathy
Understanding another’s emotions and concerns, especially when they differ from their own.
Antipathy
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.
Prosocial Behavior
Actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself.
Antisocial Behavior
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
Instrumental Aggression
Behavior hurting someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or privilege.
Reactive Aggression
Verbal or physical retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action.
Relational Aggression
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming social connection between the victim and other people.
Bullying Aggression
Unprovoked, physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
Corporal Punishment
Punishment hurting the body, like slapping or spanking.
Psychological Control
Disciplinary way involving withdrawing love and support and that relies on child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.
Time-Out
Disciplinary way where child is separated from other people for a specific time.
Induction
Disciplinary way where parent tries to get the child to understand why a behavior was wrong. Listening, not lecturing, is crucial.
Emotional Regulation
Ability to control how and when emotions are expressed.
