Chapter 12: Middle Childhood- Cognitive Development

Question 1

Concrete Operational Thought

Answer 1

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason about direct experiences and perceptions. Children can logically think about something that is reality.

Question 2

Classification

Answer 2

Things can be organized into groups according to characteristics they have in common. By age 8, they can classify.

Question 3

Transitive Inference

Answer 3

Understanding the unspoken link between one fact and another.

Question 4

Seriation

Answer 4

Things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the alphabet.

Question 5

Piaget’s Significance of Findings

Answer 5

Accepted: Children can use mental categories, understand reversibility, and think more advanced.
Disputed: No shifts between preoperational and concrete operational logic.

Question 6

Vygotsky: Rule of Instruction

Answer 6

• Education is not limited to school, but occurs everywhere.

- Children are apprentices in learning through proximal development.

Question 7

Social Context Learning

Answer 7

• We learn what our culture considers important.
• Culture affects method of learning.
• Parallels Gardner’s theory of learning.

Question 8

Information Processing

Answer 8

• Human thinking is just like the thinking of a computer.

- Cognition occurs in a day to day process continuously.

Question 9

Sensory Memory (Sensory Register)

Answer 9

Along with information processing system where stimulus is stored for a second for it to be processed.

Question 10

Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)

Answer 10

Component of formation processing system where current mental activity occurs, information is stored for 20-30 seconds.

Question 11

Long-Term Memory (Storage)

Answer 11

Component of information processing system where limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.

Question 12

Role of Memory in Information Processing

Answer 12

• As prefrontal cortex matures: short-term memory improves steadily, children are able to use strategies to learn, and long-term storage expands.
• End of childhood: long-term memory is almost limitless.

Question 13

Help Children Remember

Answer 13

• Provide a good knowledge base.
• Help with motivation using self-reference and retrieval cues.
• Make known importance of attention.

Question 14

Knowledge Base

Answer 14

Body of knowledge in an area that makes it easier to master information in that area.

Question 15

Control Processes

Answer 15

Mechanisms that put memory, processing speed, and knowledge together.

Question 16

Metacognition

Answer 16

Thinking about thinking and understanding how to learn. How to conquer what you are learning and monitor how well someone performed the task.

Question 17

Language Advancement

Answer 17

• Children know most of their first language and are working on even a second and third language.

Question 18

Executive Function

Answer 18

Organize and prioritize many thoughts that arise from parts of the brain allowing someone to prioritize behavior.

Question 19

English Language Learners

Answer 19

Children who’s English is low, usually ones who did not grow up in an English home.

Question 20

Pragmatics

Answer 20

Adjust your conversation to whom you are speaking to or around. Speaking one way to children and another to adults is an example.

Question 21

Immersion

Answer 21

Where instruction occurs in all school subjects occurring in child’s second language learning.

Question 22

Bilingual Schooling

Answer 22

School subjects are taught in both the learners original language and the second language.

Question 22

English as a Second Language

Answer 22

Teaching English where all non-English speakers together and they learn English. The goal is to use English, so they do not use their native language.

Question 23

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 23

The unstated rules that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning.

Question 23

Trends in Math and Science Study

Answer 23

Assessment test for math and science used to see where they are in their learning.

Question 24

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study

Answer 24

Assessment in reading to see where students are in their learning.

Question 25

No Child Left Behind Act

Answer 25

Law enacted in 2001 to increase accountability in education for states to bring a test for school measure.

Question 26

National Assessment of Educational Progress

Answer 26

A measure test for the core subjects in school. Also known as a national report card.

Question 27

Charter School

Answer 27

Public school with its own set of standards funded by by the state or local district.

Question 28

Private School

Answer 28

School funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors.

Question 30

Home Schooling

Answer 30

Education where children are taught at home, usually by their parents.

Question 31

Voucher

Answer 31

Public people paying for tuition at a non public school. They vary from place to place, who gets them and who accepts them.

Question 32

Factors in Language Learning

Answer 32

• Family Poverty: strong correlation between academic achievement and SES.
• Adult Expectations: teachers might expect less from low SES children before even realizing.